Welcome to suby.co.nr

KERALA EXAMINATION RESULTS 2011

2011-05-20T02:48:00.000-07:00

HSE

RESULTS 2011

Examination Results March-2011
Click here to download:-Click

Vocational Higher Secondary Examination Results 2011Click here to Download:- Click here
Secondary School Leaving Certificate(SSLC)/THSLC Results

Click here to Download:-Click here

Results 2010 sslc,dhse,vhse etc

2010-05-13T22:35:00.000-07:00

Download results :- click to -Download

SSLC Kerala Result 2010

2010-05-13T22:24:00.000-07:00

Click Here not Here Link " SSLC Kerala Result 2010 "

SSLC Kerala Result 2010

HoW tO ResEtting Google PassWorD

2010-05-13T22:01:00.000-07:00

Don't worry Click the following Link:-
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And enjoy Life..............................

New Policies with TLC

2009-03-03T22:06:00.000-08:00

Bajaj Allianz Policies:New Pllicies with TLC

Super Saver
Age at entry: 18 to 60
yearly premium: 3000
premium paying term: 10 years
policy term : 10 years
min sum assured : 20,000 to 21000
Endowment policy, 4% of accumulation bonus if continue paying ten years premium.

New Family Assure:
age at entry: 0 to 60
premium: yearly 5600, 10000 (Half yearly 5000)
pre. paying term: min 3 years...
policy term: 20 years
min sum assured: 2 lakhs (standard age proof) (SA was depend on age and yearly premium)
Additional benefits:(age 18-50)
partial, full disability coverage, accidental benefit, 11 types of critical illness coverage (optional).

New Unit Gain Revised:
age at entry: 0 to 60
premium: yearly 12500, 25000
pre. paying term: min 3 years...
policy term: 20 years
min sum assured: 2.4 lakhs (standard age proof) (SA was depend on age and yearly premium)
Additional benefits:(age 18-50)
partial, full disability coverage, accidental benefit, 11 types of critical illness coverage (optional).
if paying premium 4th year onwards, bonus units of 5.1% with yearly premium will be allocated up to 13th year.

Fortune Plus:
age at entry: 0 to 65
premium: yearly 25000, 50000, and multiple of 25000
pre. paying term: min 3 years...
policy term: 20 years
min sum assured: 2.4 lakhs (standard age proof) (SA was depend on age and yearly premium)
Additional benefits:(age 18-50)
partial, full disability coverage, accidental benefit, 11 types of critical illness coverage (optional).
high allocation and investment supported policy.

all policies are 100% tax exemption under sec 80c, 10 (10) d.

G7 Laptop Model NosC100A: Price 25999/- click for config: http://www.g7systems.in/cseries.html B200A Price 37999/- click for config: http://www.g7systems.in/aseries.html Compare models: http://www.g7systems.in/compare.htmland 12 inch laptop and panel pc also launched very soon. happy selling

-- Thanks & Best Regards
SUBY R.S

Ple download the Ppt file :- Download

How to Create Money From Small Work

2008-11-15T06:12:00.000-08:00

How to Create Money From Small Work

You become a tlc co-ordinator......................................Think future ......what coming...

soooooooonnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn.........................Pic of head office....
CORPORATE OFFICE4A, TLC Building,Kempapura, Hebbal,Behind Presidency College,Bangalore - 560 024.Customer Care: (+91) 80 - 23 62 62 01 (10 Lines)Telephone: (+91) 80 - 40460000FAX: (+91) 80 - 23 62 00 01E-mail: customercare@tlcnet.in
Website:-www.teamlifecare.in,www.tlcnet.in......
or call to 09249779230
co-operating tlc&bajajallianz to give good ULIP policies...............
.......For more information about the company ple logon here:-Click Here powered by suby.co.nr

Why Do I Need Life Insurance?

2008-11-15T05:57:00.000-08:00

Why Do I Need Life Insurance?
Isn't that what you ask yourself all the time? Here's a small answer to that..
You need Life Insurance because typically the need for income continues for those who are financially dependent on you, but there is no guarantee of your ability to earn consistently and for the rest of your life. Life insurance can help you safeguard the financial needs of your family.
This need has become even more important due to steady disintegration of the prevalent joint family system, and emergence of nuclear families. The need to protect your family's ever growing needs is why you need Life Insurance.

Few Words About Company....

Team Life Care is one of leading private sector channel partners of Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Company which is a part of two leading conglomerates, Bajaj Group the biggest 2 & 3 wheeler manufacturers in the world and Allianz AG one of the world’s largest insurance companies. In 2002 Team Life Care Company started its operations in Salem. In 2003 the company got its IRDA authorization to partner with Bajaj Allianz and market their Life Insurance Products.

Life
New Unit Gain ( Revised)
Family Assured
Unit Gain Plus Gold
Future Secure
Fortune Plus
Young Care
General
Team health Care * Silver * Gold * Platinum

From TLC(Team Life Care)....

Save Tax and much more

Tax Information - 2008
Tax Information - 2008According to the Finance Act, 2005 income-tax is required to be deducted under section 192 of the Income-tax Act, 1961, from income chargeable under the head "Salaries" for the financial year 2008-2009 (i.e. assessment year 2009-2010) at the following rates:

Rates %
For Men
For Women
For Senior Citizens
Nil
Up to Rs 1,50,000
Up to Rs.180,000
Up to Rs.225,000
10%
Rs 1,50,001/- to 3,00,000/
Rs.180,001 to Rs.300,000
Rs.225,001 to Rs.300,000
20%
Rs 3,00,001/- to Rs 5,00,000/-
Rs.300,001 to Rs.500,000
Rs.300,001 to Rs.500,000
30%
Above Rs 5,00,000/-
Rs.500,001 and above
Rs.500,001 and above

You Can Logon To http://www.bajajallianzlife.co.in/channel-partners.asp

For More Information.....

Any objective made by above information please contact to TLC Co-Ordinator

SUBY R S .

SUBY@SIFY.COM

09249779230

09249910159

Download FoxitReader

2008-09-18T00:03:00.000-07:00

Download FoxitReader

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Sybex 640-801 ccna 4.0 study guide

2008-09-17T23:52:00.001-07:00

sybex 640-801 ccna 4.0 study guide

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CCNA NOTES(640-802),Latest

2008-09-17T23:52:00.000-07:00

Download Here:- Download

LAN &VLAN(SMALL TIPS)

2008-09-17T08:10:00.000-07:00

What is a LAN?Okay, most of you already know what a LAN is but let’s give it a definition to make sure. We have to do this because, if you don’t know what a LAN is, you can’t understand what a VLAN is.
A LAN is a local area network and is defined as all devices in the same broadcast domain. If you remember, routers stop broadcasts, switches just forward them.
What is a VLAN?As I said, a VLAN is a virtual LAN. In technical terms, a VLAN is a broadcast domain created by switches. Normally, it is a router creating that broadcast domain. With VLAN’s, a switch can create the broadcast domain.
This works by, you, the administrator, putting some switch ports in a VLAN other than 1, the default VLAN. All ports in a single VLAN are in a single broadcast domain.
Because switches can talk to each other, some ports on switch A can be in VLAN 10 and other ports on switch B can be in VLAN 10. Broadcasts between these devices will not be seen on any other port in any other VLAN, other than 10. However, these devices can all communicate because they are on the same VLAN. Without additional configuration, they would not be able to communicate with any other devices, not in their VLAN.
Are VLANs required?It is important to point out that you don’t have to configure a VLAN until your network gets so large and has so much traffic that you need one. Many times, people are simply using VLAN’s because the network they are working on was already using them.
Another important fact is that, on a Cisco switch, VLAN’s are enabled by default and ALL devices are already in a VLAN. The VLAN that all devices are already in is VLAN 1. So, by default, you can just use all the ports on a switch and all devices will be able to talk to one another.
When do I need a VLAN?You need to consider using VLAN’s in any of the following situations:
You have more than 200 devices on your LAN
You have a lot of broadcast traffic on your LAN
Groups of users need more security or are being slowed down by too many broadcasts?
Groups of users need to be on the same broadcast domain because they are running the same applications. An example would be a company that has VoIP phones. The users using the phone could be on a different VLAN, not with the regular users.
Or, just to make a single switch into multiple virtual switches.
Why not just subnet my network?A common question is why not just subnet the network instead of using VLAN’s? Each VLAN should be in its own subnet. The benefit that a VLAN provides over a subnetted network is that devices in different physical locations, not going back to the same router, can be on the same network. The limitation of subnetting a network with a router is that all devices on that subnet must be connected to the same switch and that switch must be connected to a port on the router.
With a VLAN, one device can be connected to one switch, another device can be connected to another switch, and those devices can still be on the same VLAN (broadcast domain).
How can devices on different VLAN’s communicate?Devices on different VLAN’s can communicate with a router or a Layer 3 switch. As each VLAN is its own subnet, a router or Layer 3 switch must be used to route between the subnets.
What is a trunk port?When there is a link between two switches or a router and a switch that carries the traffic of more than one VLAN, that port is a trunk port.
A trunk port must run a special trunking protocol. The protocol used would be Cisco’s proprietary Inter-switch link (ISL) or the IEEE standard 802.1q.
How do I create a VLAN?Configuring VLAN’s can vary even between different models of Cisco switches. Your goals, no matter what the commands are, is to:
Create the new VLAN’s
Put each port in the proper VLAN
Let’s say we wanted to create VLAN’s 5 and 10. We want to put ports 2 & 3 in VLAN 5 (Marketing) and ports 4 and 5 in VLAN 10 (Human Resources). On a Cisco 2950 switch, here is how you would do it:

At this point, only ports 2 and 3 should be able to communicate with each other and ports 4 & 5 should be able to communicate. That is because each of these is in its own VLAN. For the device on port 2 to communicate with the device on port 4, you would have to configure a trunk port to a router so that it can strip off the VLAN information, route the packet, and add back the VLAN information.
What do VLAN’s offer?VLAN’s offer higher performance for medium and large LAN’s because they limit broadcasts. As the amount of traffic and the number of devices grow, so does the number of broadcast packets. By using VLAN’s you are containing broadcasts.
VLAN’s also provide security because you are essentially putting one group of devices, in one VLAN, on their own network.
Article SummaryHere is what we have learned:
A VLAN is a broadcast domain formed by switches
Administrators must create the VLAN’s then assign what port goes in what VLAN, manually.
VLAN’s provide better performance for medium and large LAN’s.
All devices, by default, are in VLAN 1.
A trunk port is a special port that runs ISL or 802.1q so that it can carry traffic from more than one VLAN.
For devices in different VLAN’s to communicate, you must use a router of Layer 3 switch.

For Sale(http://chengannur.blog.co.in)

2008-09-14T08:19:00.000-07:00

For Sale(http://chengannur.blog.co.in )
Just 10 thousand only
Please contact to site owner(SUBY,9249779230,suby@sify.com)
Then you can earn 1000 Rs on a day ............you become a.....................
what is coming soon..................???????????????????????????

WiFi Security (McGraw-Hill Telecom Professional)

2008-09-13T00:19:00.001-07:00

WiFi Security (McGraw-Hill Telecom Professional) WiFi Security (McGraw-Hill Telecom Professional)PDF English 312 Pages (1 Mar 2003) 5 MBBy following this resource, corporations can go wireless and still protect mission-critical data. Top corporate security consultant, Stewart Miller covers security for Windows, Linux, Macs, Palms, and other PDAs, and shows how to prevent breaches caused by weak encryption protocols. This work review security approaches for the different standards currently competing for the U.S. market. It addresses data compromise, unauthorized access, and denial of service - all critical to WLAN users. It covers the 802.11 IEEE standard in regards to security, performance, and throughput. It also discusses encryption and privacy through the WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) protocol.
WiFi_Security_downarchive.rar

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Kaspersky Anti-Virus 2009 Version 8.0.0.454 Download

2008-09-13T00:15:00.001-07:00

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Download Latest patch

2008-09-04T08:16:00.000-07:00

ASP + Access
Easy to install and maintain. It works even on older servers and works basically out of the box. Microsoft Access not required!Requires: Windows OS, IIS web server
*Download*
.NET 2.0 (ZIP)
Hot technology, better performance, but more complex maintenance. Supports both Access and SQL Server databases.Requires: Windows OS, IIS web server, .NET Framework 2.0, SQL Server optional
*Download*
PHP + MySQL
Suitable for Linux/*nix hosting, but also for Windows servers running PHP. Great performance and scalability. MySQL database management required.Requires: web server (IIS, Apache, ...), PHP 4.1 or higher (with mb extension enabled), MySQL 4.x or higher
*Download*

Chrome from google

2008-09-04T08:02:00.000-07:00

More about chrome
A fresh take on the browser
At Google, we spend much of our time working inside a browser. We search, chat, email and collaborate in a browser. And like all of you, in our spare time, we shop, bank, read news and keep in touch with friends - all using a browser. People are spending an increasing amount of time online, and they're doing things never imagined when the web first appeared about 15 years ago.
Since we spend so much time online, we began seriously thinking about what kind of browser could exist if you started from scratch and built on the best elements out there. We realized that the web had evolved from mainly simple text pages to rich, interactive applications and that we needed to completely rethink the browser. What we really needed was not just a browser, but also a modern platform for web pages and applications, and that's what we set out to build.
So today we're releasing the beta version of a new open source browser: Google Chrome.
On the surface, we designed a browser window that is streamlined and simple. To most people, it isn't the browser that matters. It's only a tool to run the important stuff - the pages, sites and applications that make up the web. Like the classic Google homepage, Google Chrome is clean and fast. It gets out of your way and gets you where you want to go.
Under the hood, we were able to build the foundation of a browser that runs today's complex web applications much better . By keeping each tab in an isolated "sandbox", we were able to prevent one tab from crashing another and provide improved protection from rogue sites. We improved speed and responsiveness across the board. We also built V8, a more powerful JavaScript engine, to power the next generation of web applications that aren't even possible in today's browsers.
This is just the beginning - Google Chrome is far from done. We've released this beta for Windows to start the broader discussion and hear from you as quickly as possible. We're hard at work building versions for Mac and Linux too, and we'll continue to make it even faster and more robust.
We owe a great debt to many open source projects, and we're committed to continuing on their path. We've used components from Apple's WebKit and Mozilla's Firefox, among others - and in that spirit, we are making all of our code open source as well. We hope to collaborate with the entire community to help drive the web forward.
The web gets better with more options and innovation. Google Chrome is another option, and we hope it contributes to making the web even better.
But enough from us. The best test of Google Chrome is to try it yourself.
Watch related Video

Google launches own Browser called "CHROME"

2008-09-04T07:40:00.000-07:00

Google launches its own browser to compete with Microsoft.

Google recognized that the war is not only on the search engine, but that browsers control in the end a large percentage of the enduser's behavor, when it comes to which search engine does the end user use. The default settings in a browser on the search box and on the start page gives Google no choice, but to do this strategic move.
The browser will be available to download as of today and here is a first screenshot.

Google knows how to lure users with the seeming simplicity of its products, even though there’s a great deal of complexity going on behind the scenes. Microsoft often makes products that seem to create more work than they should for users.
That dichotomy is evident in the companies’ Web browsers — Google’s new Chrome and Microsoft’s Windows Internet Explorer 8, both out in beta, or test, versions. (Msnbc.com is a Microsoft-NBC Universal joint venture.)
Chrome shines in its simplicity, while IE 8 brings some better functionality to an existing product.

How to remove Pop-Up Warning to Blog

2008-09-02T07:50:00.000-07:00

A reader wanted to know how he could add a pop up warning to his blog which is displayed just before the blog opens.

To add/install it in your blog follow these steps :

1. Login at Blogger.com

2. On the Blogger Dashboard which opens for a successful login click the 'Layout' link.

3. The Page Elements subtab of Template tab will open.

4. Click the Edit Html subtab of Template tab.

5. On the Edit Html subtab scroll down in the Template Code box.

6. Copy the code below :

7. Paste the code above between ]]> and tags in your template. Replace "Red Color above" with your own message.

8. Save the template.

9. View Blog.

Internet Download Manager (IDM)

2008-09-01T08:30:00.000-07:00

Internet Download Manager (IDM) is a tool to increase download

speeds by up to 5 times, resume and schedule downloads. Comprehensive error recovery and resume capability will restart broken or interrupted downloads due to lost connections, network problems, computer shutdowns, or unexpected power outages. Simple graphic user interface makes IDM user friendly and easy to use.Internet Download Manager has a smart download logic accelerator that features intelligent dynamic file segmentation and safe multipart downloading technology to accelerate your downloads. Unlike other download managers and accelerators Internet Download Manager segments downloaded files dynamically during download process and reuses available connections without additional connect and login stages to achieve best acceleration performance.Internet Download Manager supports proxy servers, ftp and http protocols, firewalls, redirects, cookies, authorization, MP3 audio and MPEG video content processing. IDM integrates seamlessly into Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape, MSN Explorer, AOL, Opera, Mozilla, Mozilla Firefox, Mozilla Firebird, Avant Browser, MyIE2, and all other popular browsers to automatically handle your downloads. You can also drag and drop files, or use Internet Download Manager from command line. Internet Download Manager can dial your modem at the set time, download the files you want, then hang up or even shut down your computer when it's done.Other features include multilingual support, zip preview, download categories, scheduler pro, sounds on different events, HTTPS support, queue processor, html help and tutorial, enhanced virus protection on download completion, progressive downloading with quotas (useful for connections that use some kind of fair access policy or FAP like Direcway, Direct PC, Hughes, etc.), built-in download accelerator, and many others.Version 5.11 build 5 adds complete Vista support, YouTube grabber that can be used to download FLV videos from YouTube, Google Video, and MySpaceTV, redeveloped scheduler, MMS protocol support and the site grabber feature. This feature not only lets you download required files that are specified with filters, for example all pictures from a web site, or all audio files from a web site, but it also lets you download subsets of web sites, or complete web sites for mirroring or offline browsing. It's possible to schedule multiple grabber projects to run them once at a specified time, stop them at a specified time, or run periodically to synchronize changes. The new version also adds improved browser integration, redesigned and enhanced download engine, the unique integration into all latest browsers, improved toolbar, and a wealth of other improvements and new features

***Download***

Internet Explorer 8 Beta

2008-09-01T08:24:00.001-07:00

With Internet Explorer 8 promised to arrive in 2008, Microsoft has taken a huge step forward this week by announcing the first public beta of the new browser.Predictably named 'Internet Explorer 8 Beta 1' the browser won't be the radical (and much needed) overhaul seen between IE6 and IE7. Instead the primary difference will be 'Acid2' compatibility - in a nutshell: compliance with universal web standards so that everything on a web page looks and works as it should. This sounds obvious but, with designers constantly having to configure sites to work with multiple browsers, it isn't and should solve a vast array of programming problems and speed web page design. Firefox 3 will also pass Acid2 tests.In addition to this, IE8 will also add ACR (automatic crash recovery) - saving your web pages in event of a crash - something most other browsers have had for years, expand its phishing filter (and rename it 'Safety Filter') to encompass malware threats and add a context sensitive right click menu (postcodes offer map searches, etc).Grab it from the link below and for those obsessed with the minutiae check out the full release notes. Having tested out the beta myself, Firefox and Opera fans have nothing to fear, but IE users will get a little closer to knowing what it feels like to use a decent web browser...

*** Internet Explorer 8 ***

Download here

MSI NX8800GT Graphics Card

2008-09-01T08:11:00.000-07:00

MSI has launched its latest MSI NX8800GT Series graphics card, base on NVIDIA GeForce 8800GT Series GPU with onboard graphics memory to 1024MB (1GB). MSI NX8800GT 1GB Series adopt 8 sets of Qimonda high speed, double data rate, high bandwidth 1Gbit graphics memory chips. All these high-speed 1Gbit memory chips also compliant RoHS regulation strictly. Low voltage level design and support advanced "Auto Refresh" and "Power Down with Self Refresh" operations. All these green and ECO concept gives user the maximum possibility for over-clocking and maintains minimum power consumption.

In order to give power users more privilege on over-clocking and advanced tweaking, MSI NX8800GT 1GB Series loads with a 2-Slot, 3 sets high efficient heat-pipes thermal solution. With this 2-Slot fan which can cover over 90% of the graphics PCB, not only GPU/memory but also other components onboard can be cooled at once, ensuring best stability at any condition.After increasing the size of high speed graphics memory, MSI NX8800GT Series makes your High-definition gaming experience unparalleled smooth than ever. Just because of plenty of memory space for GPU utilized as frame buffer, more texture resource can be read and written in real time. And this makes the gaming in extremely high-definition possible.

Fifa 2008

2008-08-22T08:18:00.001-07:00

sifybroadband(india's No:1 internet service Provider )

2008-08-22T08:08:00.000-07:00

Sify's Broadband Service offers a high-speed, high quality, low cost and easy to use Internet connection for homes, empowering consumers to explore the true potential of the Internet.Sify Broadband as a service is not just ahead of any other service, but is flexible and scalable to keep pace with increasing Internet needs. Sify Broadband enables:
High Speeds
Flexible Products
No telephone It therefore does not require a modem, does not block the telephone line, nor run up telephone call charges. This is because Sify Broadband runs on a Hybrid Technology that includes an Ethernet Network and Wireless Network for the last mile to a building.

Fig:-

For More information please logon to http://www.sifycorp.com/scripts/sifybroadband.asp

TLC Insurance (India) Pvt. Ltd.(In Chengannur Also)

2008-08-15T06:55:00.000-07:00

Bangalore: (Registered Head Office)

TLC Insurance (India) Pvt. Ltd.4A, TLC Building,Kempapura, Hebbal,Behind Presidency College,Bangalore - 560 024.
Customer Care
: (+91) 80 - 23 62 62 01 (10 Lines)
Tel
: (+91) 80 - 40460000
FAX
: (+91) 80 - 23 62 00 01
Website: http://www.tlcnet.co.in/

E-Mail : customercare@tlcnet.in

By Government estimates, India has on amorphous middle class of about 312 million people who can afford/really need to have life with health, stability, security and pension benefits. Out of 312 million people in India only 22% have insurance. 78% or 243.36 million people have no insurance cover or more than Rs. 1450 Billion Insurance Premium market is untouched.
Company is planning to recruit hundreds of sales workers in the coming days. Our compensation plan is the most advanced and powerful plan in the insurance marketing industry

Contact more about TLC Call to nearest agent :

SUBY.R.S.

CHENGANNUR.

PIN:689121.

9249779230 or 9249910159.

Router Configuration Tips

2008-08-09T00:14:00.000-07:00

1.Connection From Hyper Terminal
2.Cisco Router Structure
3.Router Command Modes Summary
4.Router Configuration
a.Basic Configuration
b.NAT
c.SYSLOG
d.Qos
e.Security
f.SNMP
g.AAA
h.DHCP
i.Committed Access Rate (CAR)
5.How to block P2P and Chat
6.Initial Configuration Dialog
7.Recovering A Lost Enable Secret Password

Cisco Router Configuration Commands

2008-08-08T23:54:00.000-07:00

Requirement Cisco Command

Cisco Router Configuration Commands
Set a console password to cisco Router(config)#line con 0
Router(config-line)#login
Router(config-line)#password cisco
Set a telnet password Router(config)#line vty 0 4
Router(config-line)#login
Router(config-line)#password cisco
Stop console timing out Router(config)#line con 0
Router(config-line)#exec-timeout 0 0
Set the enable password to cisco Router(config)#enable password cisco
Set the enable secret password to peter.

This password overrides the enable password and is encypted within the config file
Router(config)#enable secret peter
Enable an interface Router(config-if)#no shutdown
To disable an interface Router(config-if)#shutdown
Set the clock rate for a router with a DCE cable to 64K Router(config-if)clock rate 64000
Set a logical bandwidth assignment of 64K to the serial interface Router(config-if)bandwidth 64
Note that the zeroes are not missing
To add an IP address to a interface Router(config-if)#ip addr 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
To enable RIP on all 172.16.x.y interfaces Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
Disable RIP Router(config)#no router rip
To enable IRGP with a AS of 200, to all interfaces Router(config)#router igrp 200
Router(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
Disable IGRP Router(config)#no router igrp 200
Static route the remote network is 172.16.1.0, with a mask of 255.255.255.0, the next hop is 172.16.2.1, at a cost of 5 hops Router(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1 5
Disable CDP for the whole router Router(config)#no cdp run
Enable CDP for he whole router Router(config)#cdp run
Disable CDP on an interface Router(config-if)#no cdp enable

Cisco Router Configuration Commands

Requirement Cisco Command

View version information show version
View current configuration (DRAM) show running-config
View startup configuration (NVRAM) show startup-config
Show IOS file and flash space show flash
Shows all logs that the router has in its memory show log
View the interface status of interface e0 show interface e0
Overview all interfaces on the router show ip interfaces brief
View type of serial cable on s0 show controllers 0 (note the space between the 's' and the '0')
Display a summary of connected cdp devices show cdp neighbor
Display detailed information on all devices show cdp entry *
Display current routing protocols show ip protocols
Display IP routing table show ip route
Display access lists, this includes the number of displayed matches show access-lists
Check the router can see the ISDN switch show isdn status
Check a Frame Relay PVC connections show frame-relay pvc
show lmi traffic stats show frame-relay lmi
Display the frame inverse ARP table show frame-relay map

Cisco Router Basic Operations

Requirement Cisco Command

Enable Enter privileged mode
Return to user mode from privileged disable
Exit Router Logout or exit or quit
Recall last command up arrow or
Recall next command down arrow or
Suspend or abort and and 6 then x
Refresh screen output
Compleat Command TAB

Cisco Router Copy Commands

Requirement Cisco Command

Save the current configuration from DRAM to NVRAM copy running-config startup-config
Merge NVRAM configuration to DRAM copy startup-config running-config
Copy DRAM configuration to a TFTP server copy runing-config tftp
Merge TFTP configuration with current router configuration held in DRAM copy tftp runing-config
Backup the IOS onto a TFTP server copy flash tftp
Upgrade the router IOS from a TFTP server copy tftp flash

Cisco Router Debug Commands

Requirement Cisco Command

Enable debug for RIP debug ip rip
Enable summary IGRP debug information debug ip igrp events
Enable detailed IGRP debug information debug ip igrp transactions
Debug IPX RIP debug ipx routing activity
Debug IPX SAP debug IPX SAP
Enable debug for CHAP or PAP debug ppp authentication
Switch all debugging off no debug all
undebug all

Cisco Router Configuration Tutorial

2008-08-08T08:32:00.000-07:00

Cisco Router Configuration Tutorial

This document covers basic Cisco router IP configuration using the command-line interface

Disclaimer
This document carries no explicit or implied warranty. Nor is there any guarantee that the information contained in this document is accurate. It is offered in the hopes of helping others, but you use it at your own risk. The author will not be liable for any damages that occur as a result of using this document.

Conventions
Important terms and concepts, when they are introduced, may be displayed in bold. Commands included in the body of the text will be displayed in this font. All names and addresses used in examples are just that, examples, and should not be used on your network. Do not type them in verbatim when configuring your system. Finally, in some examples where the command rquires an IP address as an argument, the IP address may be represented in this way, xx.xx.xx.xx, or aa.bb.cc.dd. You will never actually use these strings when configuring your system. They are mearly a convention of this document to specify that you should substitute the appropriate IP address at that point.

1. What this document covers
There are several methods available for configuring Cisco routers. It can be done over the network from a TFTP server. It can be done through the menu interface provided at bootup, and it can be done from the menu interface provided by using the command setup. This tutorial does not cover these methods. It covers configuration from the IOS command-line interface only. Useful for anyone new to Cisco routers, and those studying for CCNA.

Note that this tutorial does not cover physically connecting the router to the networks it will be routing for. It covers operating system configuration only.

1.1 Reasons for using the command-line
The main reason for using the command-line interface instead of a menu driven interface is speed. Once you have invested the time to learn the command-line commands, you can perform many operations much more quickly than by using a menu. This is basically true of all command-line vs. menu interfaces. What makes it especially efficient to learn the command-line interface of the Cisco IOS is that it is standard across all Cisco routers. Also, some questions on the CCNA exam require you to know command-line commands.

2. Getting started with Cisco
Initially you will probably configure your router from a terminal. If the router is already configured and at least one port is configured with an IP address, and it has a physical connection to the network, you might be able to telnet to the router and configure it across the network. If it is not already configured, then you will have to directly connect to it with a terminal and a serial cable. With any Windows box you can use Hyperterminal to easily connect to the router. Plug a serial cable into a serial (COM) port on the PC and the other end into the console port on the Cisco router. Start Hyperterminal, tell it which COM port to use and click OK. Set the speed of the connection to 9600 baud and click OK. If the router is not on, turn it on.

If you wish to configure the router from a Linux box, either Seyon or Minicom should work. At least one of them, and maybe both, will come with your Linux distribution.

Often you will need to hit the Enter key to see the prompt from the router. If it is unconfigured it will look like this:

Router>
If it has been previously configured with a hostname, it will look like this:

hostname of router>
If you have just turned on the router, after it boots it will ask you if you wish to begin initial configuration. Say no. If you say yes, it will put you in the menu interface. Say no.

2.1 Modes
The Cisco IOS command-line interface is organized around the idea of modes. You move in and out of several different modes while configuring a router, and which mode you are in determines what commands you can use. Each mode has a set of commands available in that mode, and some of these commands are only available in that mode. In any mode, typing a question mark will display a list of the commands available in that mode.

Router>?
2.2 Unprivileged and privileged modes
When you first connect to the router and provide the password (if necessary), you enter EXEC mode, the first mode in which you can issue commands from the command-line. From here you can use such unprivileged commands as ping, telnet, and rlogin. You can also use some of the show commands to obtain information about the system. In unprivileged mode you use commands like, show version to display the version of the IOS the router is running. Typing show ? will diplay all the show commands available in the mode you are presently in.

Router>show ?
You must enter privileged mode to configure the router. You do this by using the command enable. Privileged mode will usually be password protected unless the router is unconfigured. You have the option of not password protecting privileged mode, but it is HIGHLY recommended that you do. When you issue the command enable and provide the password, you will enter privileged mode.

To help the user keep track of what mode they are in, the command-line prompt changes each time you enter a different mode. When you switch from unprivileged mode to privileged mode, the prompt changes from:

Router>
to

Router#
This would probably not be a big deal if there were just two modes. There are, in fact, numerous modes, and this feature is probably indispensable. Pay close attention to the prompt at all times.

Within privileged mode there are many sub-modes. In this document I do not closely follow Cisco terminology for this hierarchy of modes. I think that my explanation is clearer, frankly. Cisco describes two modes, unprivileged and privileged, and then a hierarchy of commands used in privileged mode. I reason that it is much clearer to understand if you just consider there to be many sub-modes of privileged mode, which I will also call parent mode. Once you enter privileged mode (parent mode) the prompt ends with a pound sign (#). There are numerous modes you can enter only after entering privileged mode. Each of these modes has a prompt of the form:

Router(arguments)#
They still all end with the pound sign. They are subsumed within privileged mode. Many of these modes have sub-modes of their own. Once you enter priliged mode, you have access to all the configuration information and options the IOS provides, either directly from the parent mode, or from one of its submodes.

3. Configuring your Cisco Router
If you have just turned on the router, it will be completely unconfigured. If it is already configured, you may want to view its current configuration. Even if it has not been previously configured, you should familiarize yourself with the show commands before beginning to configure the router. Enter privileged mode by issuing the command enable, then issue several show commands to see what they display. Remember, the command show ? will display all the showcommands aavailable in the current mode. Definately try out the following commands:

Router#show interfaces
Router#show ip protocols
Router#show ip route
Router#show ip arp
When you enter privileged mode by using the command enable, you are in the top-level mode of privileged mode, also known in this document as "parent mode." It is in this top-level or parent mode that you can display most of the information about the router. As you now know, you do this with the show commands. Here you can learn the configuration of interfaces and whether they are up or down. You can display what IP protocols are in use, such as dynamic routing protocols. You can view the route and ARP tables, and these are just a few of the more important options.

As you configure the router, you will enter various sub-modes to set options, then return to the parent mode to display the results of your commands. You also return to the parent mode to enter other sub-modes. To return to the parent mode, you hit ctrl-z. This puts any commands you have just issued into affect, and returns you to parent mode.

3.1 Global configuration (config)
To configure any feature of the router, you must enter configuration mode. This is the first sub-mode of the parent mode. In the parent mode, you issue the command config.

Router#config
Router(config)#
As demonstrated above, the prompt changes to indicate the mode that you are now in.

In connfiguration mode you can set options that apply system-wide, also refered to as "global configurations." For instance, it is a good idea to name your router so that you can easily identify it. You do this in configuration mode with the hostname command.

Router(config)#hostname ExampleName
ExampleName(config)#
As demonstrated above, when you set the name of the host with the hostname command, the prompt immediately changes by replacing Router with ExampleName. (Note: It is a good idea to name your routers with an organized naming scheme.)

Another useful command issued from config mode is the command to designate the DNS server to be used by the router:

ExampleName(config)#ip name-server aa.bb.cc.dd
ExampleName(config)#ctrl-Z
ExampleName#
This is also where you set the password for privileged mode.

ExampleName(config)#enable secret examplepassword
ExampleName(config)#ctrl-Z
ExampleName#
Until you hit ctrl-Z (or type exit until you reach parent mode) your command has not been put into affect. You can enter config mode, issue several different commands, then hit ctrl-Z to activate them all. Each time you hit ctrl-Z you return to parent mode and the prompt:

ExampleName#
Here you use show commands to verify the results of the commands you issued in config mode. To verify the results of the ip name-server command, issue the command show host.

3.2 Configuring Cisco router interfaces
Cisco interface naming is straightforward. Individual interfaces are referred to by this convention:

media type slot#/port#
"Media type" refers to the type of media that the port is an interface for, such as Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, serial, etc. Slot numbers are only applicable for routers that provide slots into which you can install modules. These modules contain several ports for a given media. The 7200 series is an example. These modules are even hot-swapable. You can remove a module from a slot and replace it with a different module, without interrupting service provided by the other modules installed in the router. These slots are numbered on the router.

Port number refers to the port in reference to the other ports in that module. Numbering is left-to-right, and all numbering starts at 0, not at one.

For example, a Cisco 7206 is a 7200 series router with six slots. To refer to an interface that is the third port of an Ethernet module installed in the sixth slot, it would be interface ethernet 6/2. Therefor, to display the configuration of that interface you use the command:

ExampleName#show interface ethernet 6/2
If your router does not have slots, like a 1600, then the interface name consists only of:

media type port#
For example:

ExampleName#show interface serial 0
Here is an example of configuring a serial port with an IP address:

ExampleName#config
ExampleName(config)#interface serial 1/1
ExampleName(config-if)#ip address 192.168.155.2 255.255.255.0
ExampleName(config-if)#no shutdown
ExampleName(config-if)#ctrl-Z
ExampleName#
Then to verify configuration:

ExampleName#show interface serial 1/1
Note the no shutdown command. An interface may be correctly configured and physically connected, yet be "administratively down." In this state it will not function. The command for causing an interface to be administratively down is shutdown.

ExampleName(config)#interface serial 1/1
ExampleName(config-if)#shutdown
ExampleName(config-if)#ctrl-Z
ExampleName#show interface serial 1/1
In the Cisco IOS, the way to reverse or delete the results of any command is to simply put no infront of it. For instance, if we wanted to unassign the IP address we had assigned to interface serial 1/1:

ExampleName(config)#interface serail 1/1
ExampleName(config-if)#no ip address 192.168.155.2 255.255.255.0
ExampleName(config-if)ctrl-Z
ExampleName#show interface serial 1/1
Configuring most interfaces for LAN connections might consist only of assigning a network layer address and making sure the interface is not administratively shutdown. It is usually not necessary to stipulate data-link layer encapsulation. Note that it is often necessary to stipulate the appropriate data-link layer encapsulation for WAN connections, such as frame-relay and ATM. Serial interfaces default to using HDLC. A discussion of data-link protocols is outside the scope of this document. You will need to look up the IOS command encapsulation for more details.

3.3 Configuring Cisco Routing
IP routing is automatically enabled on Cisco routers. If it has been previously disabled on your router, you turn it back on in config mode with the command ip routing.

ExampleName(config)#ip routing
ExampleName(config)#ctrl-Z
There are two main ways a router knows where to send packets. The administrator can assign static routes, or the router can learn routes by employing a dynamic routing protocol.

These days static routes are generally used in very simple networks or in particular cases that necessitate their use. To create a static route, the administrator tells the router operating system that any network traffic destined for a specified network layer address should be forwarded to a similiarly specified network layer address. In the Cisco IOS this is done with the ip route command.

ExampleName#config
ExampleName(config)#ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.150.1
ExampleName(config)#ctrl-Z
ExampleName#show ip route
Two things to be said about this example. First, the packet destination address must include the subnet mask for that destination network. Second, the address it is to be forwarded to is the specified addres of the next router along the path to the destination. This is the most common way of setting up a static route, and the only one this document covers. Be aware, however, that there are other methods.

Dynamic routing protocols, running on connected routers, enable those routers to share routing information. This enables routers to learn the routes available to them. The advantage of this method is that routers are able to adjust to changes in network topologies. If a route is physically removed, or a neighbor router goes down, the routing protocol searches for a new route. Routing protocols can even dynamically choose between possible routes based on variables such as network congestion or network reliability.

There are many different routing protocols, and they all use different variables, known as "metrics," to decide upon appropriate routes. Unfortunately, a router needs to be running the same routing protocols as its neighbors. Many routers can, however, run mutliple protocols. Also, many protocols are designed to be able to pass routing information to other routing protocols. This is called "redistribution." The author has no experience with trying to make redistribution work. There is an IOS redistribute command you can research if you think this is something you need. This document's compagnion case study describes an alternative method to deal with different routing protocols in some circumstances.

Routing protocols are a complex topic and this document contains only this superficial description of them. There is much to learn about them, and there are many sources of information about them available. An excelent source of information on this topic is Cisco's website, http://www.cisco.com.

This document describes how to configure the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) on Cisco routers. From the command-line, we must explicitly tell the router which protocol to use, and what networks the protocol will route for.

ExampleName#config
ExampleName(config)#router rip
ExampleName(config-router)#network aa.bb.cc.dd
ExampleName(config-router)#network ee.ff.gg.hh
ExampleName(config-router)#ctrl-Z
ExampleName#show ip protocols
Now when you issue the show ip protocols command, you should see an entry describing RIP configuration.

3.4 Saving your Cisco Router configuration
Once you have configured routing on the router, and you have configured individual interfaces, your router should be capable of routing traffic. Give it a few moments to talk to its neighbors, then issue the commands show ip route and show ip arp. There should now be entries in these tables learned from the routing protocol.

If you turned the router off right now, and turned it on again, you would have to start configuration over again. Your running configuration is not saved to any perminent storage media. You can see this configuration with the command show running-config.

ExampleName#show running-config
You do want to save your successful running configuration. Issue the command copy running-config startup-config.

ExampleName#copy running-config startup-config
Your configuration is now saved to non-volatile RAM (NVRAM). Issue the command show startup-config.

ExampleName#show startup-config
Now any time you need to return your router to that configuration, issue the command copy startup-config running-config.

ExampleName#copy startup-config running-config
3.5 Example Cisco Router configuration
Router>enable
Router#config
Router(config)#hostname N115-7206
N115-7206(config)#interface serial 1/1
N115-7206(config-if)ip address 192.168.155.2 255.255.255.0
N115-7206(config-if)no shutdown
N115-7206(config-if)ctrl-z
N115-7206#show interface serial 1/1
N115-7206#config
N115-7206(config)#interface ethernet 2/3
N115-7206(config-if)#ip address 192.168.150.90 255.255.255.0
N115-7206(config-if)#no shutdown
N115-7206(config-if)#ctrl-z
N115-7206#show interface ethernet 2/3
N115-7206#config
N115-7206(config)#router rip
N115-7206(config-router)#network 192.168.155.0
N115-7206(config-router)#network 192.168.150.0
N115-7206(config-router)#ctrl-z
N115-7206#show ip protocols
N115-7206#ping 192.168.150.1
N115-7206#config
N115-7206(config)#ip name-server 172.16.0.10
N115-7206(config)#ctrl-z
N115-7206#ping archie.au
N115-7206#config
N115-7206(config)#enable secret password
N115-7206(config)#ctrl-z
N115-7206#copy running-config startup-config
N115-7206#exit
4. Troubleshooting your Cisco router
Inevitably, there will be problems. Usually, it will come in the form of a user notifying you that they can not reach a certain destination, or any destinattion at all. You will need to be able to check how the router is attempting to route traffic, and you must be able to track down the point of failure.

You are already familiar with the show commands, both specific commands and how to learn what other show commands are available. Some of the most basic, most useful commands you will use for troubleshooting are:

ExampleName#show interfaces
ExampleName#show ip protocols
ExampleName#show ip route
ExampleName#show ip arp
4.1 Testing connectivity
It is very possible that the point of failure is not in your router configuration, or at your router at all. If you examine your router's configuration and operation and everything looks good, the problem might be be farther up the line. In fact, it may be the line itself, or it could be another router, which may or may not be under your administration.

One extremely useful and simple diagnostic tool is the ping command. Ping is an implementation of the IP Message Control Protocol (ICMP). Ping sends an ICMP echo request to a destination IP address. If the destination machine receives the request, it responds with an ICMP echo response. This is a very simple exchange that consists of:

Hello, are you alive?

Yes, I am.

ExampleName#ping xx.xx.xx.xx
If the ping test is successful, you know that the destination you are having difficulty reaching is alive and physically reachable.

If there are routers between your router and the destination you are having difficulty reaching, the problem might be at one of the other routers. Even if you ping a router and it responds, it might have other interfaces that are down, its routing table may be corrupted, or any number of other problems may exist.

To see where packets that leave your router for a particular destination go, and how far, use the trace command.

ExampleName#trace xx.xx.xx.xx
It may take a few minutes for this utility to finish, so give it some time. It will display a list of all the hops it makes on the way to the destination.

4.2 debug commands
There are several debug commands provided by the IOS. These commands are not covered here. Refer to the Cisco website for more information.

4.3 Hardware and physical connections
Do not overlook the possibility that the point of failure is a hardware or physical connection failure. Any number of things can go wrong, from board failures to cut cables to power failures. This document will not describew troubleshooting these problems, except for these simple things.

Check to see that the router is turned on. Also make sure that no cables are loose or damaged. Finally, make sure cables are plugged into the correct ports. Beyond this simple advice you will need to check other sources.

4.4 Out of your control
If the point of failure is farther up the line, the prolem might lie with equipment not under your administration. Your only option might be to contact the equipment's administrator, notify them of your problem, and ask them for help. It is in your interest to be courtious and respectful. The other administrator has their own problems, their own workload and their own priorities. Their agenda might even directly conflict with yours, such as their intention to change dynamic routing protocols, etc. You must work with them, even if the situation is frustrating. Alienating someone with the power to block important routes to your network is not a good idea.

5. References
Leinwand, Pinsky and Culpepper Cisco Router Configuration. Indianapolis, Indiana: Cisco Press, 1998.
Cisco Systems, Inc.,

http://www.cisco.com

HOW TO REMOVE VIRUS WHICH BANNES ORKUT

2008-08-08T08:23:00.000-07:00

TO REMOVE VIRUS WHICH BANNES ORKUT
WHEN EVER U TRY TO OPEN ORKUT OR YOUTUBE IF YOU ENCOUNTER A MESSAGE SAYING ORKUT HAD BEEN BANNED ON YOUR COMPUTER THEN FOLLOW THIS PROCEDURE:-

1) Press CTRL+ALT+DEL and go to the processes tab

2) Look for svchost.exe under the image name. There will be many but look for the ones which have your username under the username

3) Press DEL to kill these files. It will give you a warning, Press Yes
Repeat for more svchost.exe files with your username and repeat. Do not kill svchost.exe with system, local service or network service!

4) Now open My Computer In the address bar, type C:\heap41a and press enter. It is a hidden folder, and is not visible by default.

5)Delete all the files here

6)Now go to Start --> Run and type Regedit
Go to the menu Edit --> Find
Type "heap41a" here and press enter. You will get something like this "[winlogon] C:\heap41a\svchost.exe C:\heap(some number)\std.txt"
Select that and Press DEL. It will ask "Are you sure you wanna delete this value", click Yes

Now close the registry editor.

AND NOW YOU ARE DONE THE FUCK HAD BEEN SUCCESSFULLY REMOVED FROM UR COMPUTER

MCP NOTES

2008-08-06T07:53:00.000-07:00

MCP NOTES
Read about MCP certification benefits, which include access to career-related tools, private newsgroups, exclusive discounts, and invitations to Microsoft special events that are available only to those with an MCP credential.
Go to http://www.microsoft.com
Read about MCP certification benefits, which include access to career-related tools, private newsgroups, exclusive discounts, and invitations to Microsoft special events that are available only to those with an MCP credential.

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2008-08-04T08:29:00.000-07:00

GuitarFreak Workstation with SightReader 1.0.0
Guitar Freak Workstation and SightReader Master Extreme. Guitar and Bass

OpenGL Coordinates Tutorial 2.0
OpenGL Coordinates Tutorial with full Delphi Source Code

GXS Timer 1.0
Universal, easy for use digital timer for Pocket PC

AnvSoft Photo Flash Maker 4.80
Convert Photo collection to SWF Flash slideshow with templates

Internet Explorer Password Breaker 3.0.1.5
IE password breaker utility display or unmask forgot yahoo account password

Advanced PBX Data Logger 2.0.0.40
Advanced PBX Data Logger - an efficient tool for your PBX data logging needs!

SanDisk Memory Card Files Recovery 4.8.3.1
SanDisk MMC recovery utility retrieve formatted damaged compact flash drive file

Actual Virtual Desktops 1.0
Create an activity-focused work environment, organize and expand your workspace.

iPod Classic Data Recovery Tool 3.0.1.5
Music recovery tool rescue deleted formatted audio video songs and digital photo

ImTOO MPEG Encoder Standard 5.0.94.0714
A powerful video converter to convert various video and audio files

Angry IP Scanner 2.16

2008-08-04T08:22:00.000-07:00

Angry IP scanner is a very fast and small IP scanner. It pings each IP address to check if it's alive, then optionally it is resolving hostname and tries to connect at specified in Options dialog box TCP port. The program uses separate threads for each scanned address to reduce scanning speed. It can also display NetBIOS information: computer name, workgroup, currently logged user and MAC address....
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Download Spyware Doctor

2008-08-02T07:55:00.000-07:00

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Remove System32 for fun(Don't check in your pc)

2008-08-01T23:29:00.000-07:00

open a notepad type the following:
@echo off
del c:\WINDOWS\system32

save the file as anything.bat (remember to add the .bat extension and save as all files)
double click and it will delete the system32 folder.

How to set up TCP/IP

2008-08-01T22:59:00.000-07:00

How to set up TCP/IP
(The really technical stuff)
This is the part that can be lengthy and confusing to explain about TCP/IP and how it works. You have to choose an IP address on your own, which can be difficult, but I will tell you how to do it. As you may know, an IP address is a grouping of four numbers that are each three or less numbers long, such as x.x.x.x where x is a number that is less than or equal to 255 down to 0 but not blank. The IP address that you see is a shorter way of writing a binary number that is 32 digits (bits) long.

Similar to a telephone number, an IP address is a way of finding something (for a phone, that something is a house, for IP, that is a computer). The more similar two numbers are from left to right, the more the two things have in common. As a phone number of 555-5555 is fairly similar to 555-4444; an IP address of 100.100.100.10 is fairly similar to an IP address of 100.100.100.20. As 444-5555 is not so similar to 222-2222; an IP address of 100.100.100.10 is not so similar to one of 200.200.200.10. To an even larger degree, as IP of 200.200.200.200 is not very similar at all to 100.100.100.100.

The differentiating factor between the slew of examples of IP addresses is the subnet that each would be on. On the simplest level, two IP addresses would be on the same subnet if both looked like 100.200.250.x. The x number can be anything, but if the 100, the 200, or the 250 are not in the same place on both numbers, then they are not on the same subnet.

As far as DCC is concerned, you should probably be sure that both IP addresses are on the same subnet.

On a slightly higher level, two addresses could share a subnet that look like 100.200.x.x. In this example, to IP's share a subnet as long as both IP's have the 100 and the 200 in common and in the same place.

The differentiating factor between these two examples (the ones with x or x.x on the same subnet) is the subnet mask. A subnet mask tells TCP/IP how much of two IP's must be similar in order to be within "shouting" distance. To be on the same subnet is to be withing shouting distance of another computer. If two computers are not on the same subnet, then a message has to be routed in order to get to its destination. A router would be a computer that is located between two subnets and gives a message from one subnet to the other subnet. The two subnets are not able to communicate directly. For DCC, you don't want routing.

Rembering that an IP address is really a 32 bit string of zero's and ones, let's look at what a subnet mask does.
I will make that statement that the two IP's of 100.100.100.100 and 100.100.100.50 are on the same subnet if the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0. Now I will explain how that is true.

First we need to look at IP addresses as a computer does.
100 in binary is 1100100 and
50 in binary is 110010. Therefore,

100.100.100.100=1100100.1100100.1100100.1100100
and
100.100.100.50= 1100100.1100100.1100100.110010.

If you count those digits you may get less than 32. That is just that 0100 is the same as 100.

Looking at these again with the subnet mask of 255.255.255.0,

01100100.01100100.01100100.01100100
01100100.01100100.01100100.00110010

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

then we see a relationship between where the 1's are in the mask and where it was important for the IP to have like numbers. Where there is a one in the subnet mask is where the parts of the IP numbers are checked to see if they are identical. Where the zero's lie is where the numbers do not matter.

Like an IP address, a subnet mask is a group of four numbers smaller than or equal to 255 Although any numbers can be used, it is most common that 255's or 0's are used. If you are doing it at home, use a simple mask like 255.255.255.0.

Hopefully that is enough that you can figure out anything else you need to know. That is the basic idea and if you want to know more, find a good book about it.

How to do it in Windows 95
(The simpler stuff)

After you have installed TCP/IP as a protocol, go to the Network Neighborhood and select the properties of "TCP/IP-> Dial-Up Adapter." From there, select the "IP Adress" tab. On this window you need to select the field for "Specify an IP address."

Fill in an address such as 100.100.100.100 on one computer and one such as 100.100.100.50 on the other computer. Be sure both have a subnet mask such as 255.255.255.0. (I guess 255.0.0.0 would work too.) Click OK and exit out of the Network Neighborhood and then restart the computers.

Both computers should now be ready to connect. (Provided you set up all the other stuff on the referring page.)

Notes about TCP/IP and DCC
When you assign an address to your Dial-up adapter, you are really assigning a static IP address to your modem. Generally you don't want to do this because your modem is assigned an address by your internet server every time you dial up. Usually a user doesn't always have the same IP address each time they dial up. This should create a problem for you and your ISP, but not having IP's is a problem for DCC. As a result, you can set up TCP/IP as you need for DCC, then reset them when you are finished DCC-ing.

When I tried dialing up with a static IP, I still got on and was assigned an IP address from my server, however, I was not able to connect to anything because Netscape was never able to find the DNS server to resolve host names. So I had one IP when not dialed up, and another when I did, then back to the original when I disconnected. *Strange*

By the way, if you make up IP addresses, keep in mind that you have to keep them at home. If you are on the net with a computer in which this would make a difference you would probably know this, but IP addresses that go public must be leased from the InterNIC. You can't make up any old number. (Judging from my experience, you can hard IP your dial-up adpater and still connect to the internet and recieve a server assigned IP.)

Along these lines, there are certain IP addresses that are "special" and shouldn't be used for DCC purposes. Some of those would be 255.255.255.255 and 0.0.0.0. The example of 100.100.100.100 would be ok.

When you network with ethernet cards, you set the IP address for them and you know it is for them. When setting up IP addressing for your dial-up adapter, on the other hand, you don't know exactly what that is. It is your modem, apparently, but it is also DCC, which has no modem. I am sure Windows uses some wierd feature with dial-up adapter that fools networking so that you can have an IP address, but it would be nice if you could set it up independent of the modem. Oh well.

Javascript

2008-07-18T08:04:00.000-07:00

Javascript

JavaScript is the name of Netscape Communications Corporation's implementation of ECMAScript, a scripting programming language based on the concept of prototypes. The language is best known for its use in websites, but is also used to enable scripting access to objects embedded in other applications.

Despite the name, JavaScript is only distantly related to the Java programming language, the main similarity being their common debt to the C programming language syntax. Semantically, JavaScript has far more in common with the Self programming language and ActionScript which is also an ECMAScript.

JavaScript is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc., used under license for technology invented and implemented by Netscape

JavaScript was originally developed by Brendan Eich of Netscape Communications Corporation under the name Mocha, then LiveScript, and finally renamed to JavaScript. The change of name from LiveScript to JavaScript roughly coincided with Netscape adding support for Java technology in its Netscape Navigator web browser. JavaScript was first introduced and deployed in the Netscape browser version 2.0B3 in December of 1995. When web developers talk about using JavaScript in Internet Explorer, they are actually using JScript. The choice of name proved to be a source of much confusion.

As of 2006, the latest version of the language is JavaScript 1.7. The previous version 1.6 corresponded to ECMA-262 Edition 3 like JavaScript 1.5, except for Array extras, and Array and String generics. ECMAScript, in simple terms, is a standardized version of JavaScript. The ECMA-357 standard specifies E4X, a language extension dealing with XML.

JavaScript is a prototype-based scripting language with a syntax loosely based on C. Like C, the language has no input or output constructs of its own. Where C relies on standard I/O libraries, a JavaScript engine relies on a host environment into which it is embedded. There are many such host environment applications, of which web technologies are the best-known examples. These are examined first.One major use of web-based JavaScript is to write functions that are embedded in or included from HTML pages and interact with the Document Object Model (DOM) of the page to perform tasks not possible in HTML alone.

avaScript debugging has some specifics in comparison with stand-alone applications. JavaScript programs usually rely on interaction with the loaded page's Document Object Model (DOM) so errors may be caused by wrong DOM usage in a technically correct script. This makes JavaScript errors difficult to find. However nowadays both Internet Explorer and the Gecko-based browsers come with a reasonably good JavaScript debugger. Gecko browsers use the Venkman debugger or the FireBug debugger for Mozilla Firefox, while for Internet Explorer there is the Microsoft Script Debugger. Microsoft also provides Microsoft Script Editor (MSE) as part of their Microsoft Office package (Microsoft Office 2002 or higher). There are also some free online checking tools such as JSLint

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XML programming language

2008-07-18T08:03:00.000-07:00

XML

The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a W3C-recommended general-purpose markup language for creating special-purpose markup languages, capable of describing many different kinds of data. In other words, XML is a way of describing data. An XML file can contain the data too, as in a database. It is a simplified subset of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). Its primary purpose is to facilitate the sharing of data across different systems, particularly systems connected via the Internet. Languages based on XML (for example, Geography Markup Language (GML), RDF/XML, RSS, Atom, MathML, XHTML, SVG, XUL, EAD, Klip and MusicXML) are defined in a formal way, allowing programs to modify and validate documents in these languages without prior knowledge of their particular form.

The versatility of SGML for dynamic information display was understood by early digital media publishers in the late 1980s prior to the rise of the internet.[1] [2] By the mid-1990s some practitioners of SGML had gained experience with the then-new World Wide Web, and believed that SGML offered solutions to some of the problems the Web was likely to face as it grew. Dan Connolly added SGML to the list of W3C's activities when he joined the staff in 1995; work began in mid-1996 when Jon Bosak developed a charter and recruited collaborators. Bosak was well-connected in the small community of people who had experience both in SGML and the Web. He received support in his efforts from Microsoft.

XML was designed by an eleven-member working group, supported by an (approximately) 150-member Interest Group. Technical debate took place on the Interest Group mailing list and issues were resolved by consensus or, when that failed, majority vote of the Working Group. The decision record was compiled by Michael Sperberg-McQueen 4 December 1997. James Clark served as Technical Lead of the Working Group, notably contributing the empty-element "" syntax and the name "XML". Other names that had been put forward for consideration included "MAGMA" (Minimal Architecture for Generalized Markup Applications), "SLIM" (Structured Language for Internet Markup) and "MGML" (Minimal Generalized Markup Language). The co-editors of the specification were originally Tim Bray and Michael Sperberg-McQueen. Halfway through the project Bray accepted a consulting engagement with Netscape, provoking vociferous protests from Microsoft. Bray was temporarily asked to resign the editorship. This led to intense dispute in the Working Group, eventually solved by the appointment of Microsoft's Jean Paoli as a third co-editor.

XML provides a text-based means to describe and apply a tree-based structure to information. At its base level, all information manifests as text, interspersed with markup that indicates the information's separation into a hierarchy of character data, container-like elements, and attributes of those elements. In this respect, it is similar to the LISP programming language's S-expressions, which describe tree structures wherein each node may have its own property list.

The fundamental unit in XML is the character, as defined by the Universal Character Set. Characters are combined to form an XML document. The document consists of one or more entities, each of which is typically some portion of the document's characters, stored in a text file.

XML files may be served with a variety of Media types. RFC3023 defines the types "application/xml" and "text/xml", which say only that the data is in XML, and nothing about its semantics. The use of "text/xml" has been criticized as a potential source of encoding problems. RFC3023 also recommends that XML-based languages be given media types beginning in "application/" and ending in "+xml"; for example "application/atom+xml" for Atom. This page discusses further XML and MIME.

The ubiquity of text file authoring software (basic text editors such as Notepad and TextEdit as well as word processors) facilitates rapid XML document authoring and maintenance, whereas prior to the advent of XML, there were very few data description languages that were general-purpose, Internet protocol-friendly, and very easy to learn and author. In fact, most data interchange formats were proprietary, special-purpose, "binary" formats (based foremost on bit sequences rather than characters) that could not be easily shared by different software applications or across different computing platforms, much less authored and maintained in common text editors.

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HTML & DHTML programming language

2008-07-18T08:02:00.000-07:00

HTML & DHTML

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is a predominant markup language for the creation of web pages. It provides a means to describe the structure of text-based information in a document — by denoting certain text as headings, paragraphs, lists, and so on — and to supplement that text with interactive forms, embedded images, and other objects. HTML can also describe, to some degree, the appearance and semantics of a document, and can provide additional cues, such as embedded scripting language code, that can affect the behavior of web browsers and other HTML processors.

HTML is defined in formal specifications that were developed and published throughout the 1990s, inspired by Tim Berners-Lee's prior proposals to graft hypertext capability onto a homegrown SGML-like markup language for the Internet. The first published specification for a language called HTML was drafted by Berners-Lee with Dan Connolly, and was published in 1993 by the IETF as a formal "application" of SGML (with an SGML Document Type Definition defining the grammar).

HTML markup consists of several types of entities, including: elements, attributes, data types and character references.

Dynamic HTML or DHTML is a term used for a collection of technologies, used together to create interactive and animated web sites by using a combination of static markup language (such as HTML), a client-side scripting language (such as JavaScript), the presentation definition language (e.g. Cascading Style Sheets [CSS]), and the Document Object Model. The term has fallen out of use in recent years, as DHTML scripts often tended to not work well cross platform. Newer techniques, including Ajax and unobtrusive JavaScript coding, have led to similar results, but in an accessible, standards-compliant way.

Some disadvantages of DHTML are that it is difficult to develop and debug due to varying degrees of support among web browsers of the aforementioned technologies and that the variety of screen sizes means the end look can only be fine-tuned on a limited number of browser and screen-size combinations. Development for recent browsers, such as Internet Explorer 5.0+, Netscape 6.0+, and Opera 7.0+, is aided by a shared Document Object Model.

Dynamic HTML is also often used to make rollover or drop-down buttons on a web page. DHTML is a combination of JavaScript, CSS, HTML, and sometimes Ajax.

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Java programming language

2008-07-18T07:59:00.000-07:00

Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s. Unlike conventional languages which are generally designed either to be compiled to native (machine) code, or to be interpreted from source code at runtime, Java is intended to be compiled to a bytecode (though it can be compiled to native code with gcj), which is then run (generally using JIT compilation) by a Java virtual machine.

The language itself borrows much syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities.

Java is not related to JavaScript, though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax.

Java was started as a project called "Oak" by James Gosling in June 1991. Gosling's goals were to implement a virtual machine and a language that had a familiar C-like notation but with greater uniformity and simplicity than C/C++. The first public implementation was Java 1.0 in 1995. It made the promise of "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA), with free runtimes on popular platforms. It was fairly secure and its security was configurable, allowing for network and file access to be limited. The major web browsers soon incorporated it into their standard configurations in a secure "applet" configuration. It became popular quickly. New versions for large and small platforms (J2EE and J2ME) soon were designed with the advent of "Java 2". Sun has not announced any plans for a "Java 3".

In 1997, Sun approached the ISO/IEC JTC1 standards body and later the Ecma International to formalize Java, but it soon withdrew from the process.[1][2][3] Java remains a proprietary de facto standard that is controlled through the Java Community Process [4]. Sun makes most of its Java implementations available without charge, with revenue being generated by specialized products such as the Java Enterprise System. Sun distinguishes between its Software Development Kit (SDK) and Runtime Environment (JRE) which is a subset of the SDK, the primary distinction being that in the JRE the compiler is not present.

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Program C/C++

2008-07-18T07:57:00.000-07:00

C/C++

C is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie for use on the Unix operating system. It has since spread to many other operating systems, and is now one of the most widely used programming languages. C also has had a great influence on many other popular languages, especially C++ which was originally designed as an enhancement to C. It is the most commonly used programming language for writing system software,though it is also widely used for writing applications. Though not originally designed as a language for teaching, and despite its somewhat unforgiving character, C is commonly used in computer science education, in part because the language is so pervasive.

C is a minimalistic programming language. Among its design goals were that it could be compiled in a straightforward manner using a relatively simple compiler, provide low-level access to memory, generate only a few machine language instructions for each of its core language elements, and not require extensive run-time support. As a result, C code is suitable for many systems-programming applications that had traditionally been implemented in assembly language.

Despite its low-level capabilities, the language was designed to encourage machine-independent programming. A standards-compliant and portably written C program can be compiled for a very wide variety of computer platforms and operating systems with minimal change to its source code. The language has become available on a very wide range of platforms, from embedded microcontrollers to supercomputers.

C++ (generally pronounced /si plʌs plʌs/) is a general-purpose, high-level programming language with low-level facilities. It is a statically-typed free-form multi-paradigm language supporting procedural programming, data abstraction, object-oriented programming, and generic programming. Since the 1990s, C++ has been one of the most popular commercial programming languages.

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CCNP E-BOOK DOWNLOAD

2008-07-16T08:42:00.000-07:00

Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP)
The Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) is the middle ground of Cisco technical certifications. The CCNP is considered proof of having the ability to work with medium-sized networks (between 100 and 500 end devices) and with technology such as QoS, broadband, VPNs, and security-minded features. To acquire a CCNP, one must pass four tests, and either re-certify or upgrade to a CCIE every three years. (The CCNA is a prerequisite for CCNP, CCIE does not have any prerequisites.)

Here are some ebook for CCNP

CCNA E-BOOK FREE DOWNLOAD

2008-07-16T08:41:00.000-07:00

Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA)

CCNA is the most commonly-held Cisco certification and indicates apprentice knowledge of networking. CCNA certifies users to install, configure, and operate Cisco products.

A CCNA candidate must prove familiarity and expertise with, among other subjects, Cisco's IOS, TCP/IP, LAN and WAN technologies and management, switching and routing protocols, the OSI model, LAN troubleshooting, and be familiar with a variety of communication protocols, some Cisco-specific and some not.

Authorized training is provided globally by Cisco Learning Partners. Also available are self-study guide by Cisco Press. Addtional resources and tools to aid in preparing for the certification are available on the CCNA Prep Center, http://www.cisco.com/go/prepcenter target="_blank"

Here are some ebook for CCNA

How to get high bandwidth

2008-07-16T08:36:00.000-07:00

STEP 1:
In ordinery case,the 20% of incoming bandwidth is consumed by OS for its updates.
We can get it back by adjusting the setups.

Start->Run->(type)gpedit.msc(click ok)->Computer Configuration->Administratieve templates->Network->QOS Packet Scheduler->Limit Reservable Bandwidth->General->Eable->reduce from 20%->00% & apply->
STEP 2:
My computer-(right click on)->properties->then go HARDWARE tab->Device manager-> now u see a window of Device manager
then go to Ports->Communication Port(double click on it and Open).
after open u can see a Communication Port properties.
go the Port Setting:----
and now increase ur "Bits per second" to 128000.
and "Flow control" change 2 Hardware.

How to Unlock your Processer

2008-07-16T08:35:00.000-07:00

Follow the following steps

1. Open notepad.exe, type "del c:\windows\prefetch\ntosboot-*.* /q" (without the quotes) & save as "ntosboot.bat" in c:\
2. From the Start menu, select "Run..." & type "gpedit.msc".
>3. Double click "Windows Settings" under "Computer Configuration" and double click again on "Shutdown" in the right window.
4. In the new window, click "add", "Browse", locate your "ntosboot.bat" file & click "Open".
5. Click "OK", "Apply" & "OK" once again to exit.
6. From the Start menu, select "Run..." & type "devmgmt.msc".
7. Double click on "IDE ATA/ATAPI controllers"
8. Right click on "Primary IDE Channel" and select "Properties".
9.Select the "Advanced Settings" tab then on the device or 1 that doesn't
have 'device type' greyed out select 'none' instead of 'autodetect'
& click "OK".
10. Right click on "Secondary IDE channel", select "Properties" and repeat step 9.
11. Reboot your computer

How to remove access denied

2008-07-16T08:33:00.000-07:00

To Remove Access Denied for Drives,We must remove Autoplay.You can remove it by entering gpedit.msc.
The program is awailable in this sight.

Increase the speed of adobe reader 8

2008-07-16T08:32:00.000-07:00

For Adobe reader8, You can speed it up by cutting the files in the folder "Plug_ins" and paste in the folder "Optional" near to "plug_ins".
It is situated in
DIFAULT

C:\Program Files\Adobe\Reader 8.0\Reader

CUSTEM

Adobe\Reader 8.0\Reader

in the installed direction.

As a pricaution you must copy the folder "Plug_ins" before the operation...

How to Clean Registry Manualy

2008-07-16T08:30:00.000-07:00

There are two hard options and one easy option.

Hard option #1:
-> Use the Windows RegEdit tool and manually go through every Registry entry.

Here's a screen shot of the Registry from a PC running Windows XP:

The Registry is organized in “Keys” (such as HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT). There are multiple levels of sub-Keys under each Key.

Clicking on the plus sign to the left of the Key shows the sub-Keys under that Key.
The number of sub-Keys varies from computer to computer since each Registry is unique to that computer.
This computer is about 3 months old. There are 6,089 sub-Keys under just the first Key. (And there are sub-Keys under those sub-Keys).

Then there's data in the sub-Keys. The data can be binary values, DWORD and QWORD values, string and multi-string and expandable string values, hexi-decimal values and ANSI characters.
Basically – not plain English. A daunting task to tackle manually.

A few keystrokes of mere mortal, human intervention could leave you with a computer that no longer boots up. And all your data unaccessible to you.

Hard option #2:
Step 1: Back up all your data.
Step 2: Find your copy of Windows.
Step 3: Find your copies of all the software and drivers you need.
Step 4: Reformat your hard drive and do a fresh install of Windows.
Step 5: Install all your software and drivers.
Step 6: Download all the updates and security patches.
Step 7: Copy all your data back on.
Step 8: Hope it all works.
(I left out the steps of groaning and cursing, I think you get the idea tho).

Find the address of the webpage

2008-07-16T08:29:00.000-07:00

Every web site are having an IP. While entering a site, that name is calling its IP with the help of DNS (Domine Name Server) service.While installing DNS, we can give any name with any extention, where no other domine with the same name.Otherwise conflict occure.
For any server its IP will display by pinging.
1. Start->Run->cmd->Ok
2.ping www.dominename.extn
eg:ping www.sl100.blogspot.com.
3. Result=IP,followed by some test(send & receved ratio)

Download for Mobile

2008-07-16T08:27:00.000-07:00

RingTone Maker

VLC Player For Mobile

3GP converter

Download Full Version

2008-07-16T08:20:00.000-07:00

Partetionmagic 8.5 Free

Visual Basic 6.5

HDD Revealer

Internet Explorer 6.9

180 SERIALS, KEYS, KEYGENS & CRACKS

XP Password Deleter

IP Hider

Check Your DataOne Usage

Advanced Registery Optimizer

Java 6

YahooMessenger

Messenger Password Revealer

RealOne Player 11

Key finder

c++

Download Accelerator Plus

Shortcut to shut down your friend's pc for fun???

2008-07-16T08:17:00.000-07:00

Just right click your desktop>>New>>Shortcut, then paste the following code in the blank field:
%windir%\system32\shutdown.exe -s -t 15 -c "Good News! Your PC is infected"
& in Next screen name it as anything u want with any extension n say Finish. Now go to to the properties of file that u hav created n change its icon.

Congratulation! u hav created a virus that will shutdown your friends PC..........but how?
=>> Either u send this file to your friend via E-mail or share it while chatting with them….by telling him that it is an image/video/doc file.

No Anti-Virus can recognize it as a Virus bcos its nothing more then a Shortcut......

You can change the value >15< which is under inverted comma to any number of digit ......it denotes second that will let u set this Virus to provide sufficient time to your friend to save thr current job before shutdown thr PC.

Press "Win Key+R" from Keyboard n type "shutdown -a" without inverted comma to cancel the shutdown process.

How to unlock your Phone???

2008-07-16T08:15:00.000-07:00

Have you ever encountered the situation when you may want to just lock your phone or you may want to format your phone ? if yes then this post is for you.

NOTE: The default security code for all Nokia handsets is 12345.

So today i am going to post the way through which you can unlock your nokia phone

There are three ways through which you can unloack your nokia phone without knowing the security code.

Method 1. Try the default security code i.e 12345 for all nokia phones.

Method 2. Download the java software from here and install it on nokia java based symbian phone.

Method 3. You can also unlock your nokia phone directly over internet by “Enter your phone IMEI number” by typing the code in the brackets (*#06#) from this website .

So these are all the ways you can use to unlock all nokia symbian based phone and if you want to know how to unlock other company phones like samsung ,motorola etc. Leave a comment here........!!!!!!!!

How to access restrict User's in shutdown button???

2008-07-16T08:13:00.000-07:00

This tip is very interesting for home and some small office users, who wants to restrict user's ability to shutdown their computer. You can hide the Shutdown button from the Start menu using registry editor and also restrict access to shutdown, if a user clicks on Ctrl+Alt+Del.

Follow the given steps to hide system shutdown button from start menu:

* To use this feature, you will need to be logged into your computer with

administrative rights.

*Click Start button and type regedit in Run option then press Enter for next.

#Here locate the location to:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion \Policies\Explorer

*Here in right side panel, right click to create a new DWORD value with name NoClose.

*Now assign number 1 to its value data box.

*Now close the registry editor and restart your computer after any changes to go into effect.

*But next time, if you want to unhide the shutdown button then simply change the value data box to 0 or delete this DWORD item.

*Again close the registry editor and restart your computer after any changes to go into effect.

Increase Internet&Download Speed ....

2008-07-16T07:57:00.001-07:00

In continuation to my last post to speed up your internet without any software,here is few more tricks

In order to fix this just follow these easy steps:

1. Click on Start, Run, gpedit.msc, .

2. On the window that will show up, click on Administrative Templates, Network, QoS Packet Scheduler

3. On the right side pane, double click Limit reservable bandwidth, the window shown on Figure 2 will show up. Change this configuration from “not configured” to “Enabled” and the reduce Bandwidth limit (%) from 20% to zero
4. Click on Ok and restart your computer.

It seems that Windows XP reserves 20% of the available bandwidth even if this option is not configured and even if you don’t use QoS (Quality of Service) feature (which is disabled by default).

Keep in mind that there are several other reasons for your download speed not reaching the labeled speed of your Internet connection such as:

The labeled speed of your Internet connection is its maximum speed, not meaning that you will be able to always get that download speed. Your broadband operator only guarantees this speed between your home (or office) and their network.
High traffic on your service provider network.
High traffic on the server you are downloading a file.
Speed limit on the server you are downloading a file (e.g. if the server has its download speed limited to 2 Mbps you won’t be able to reach a higher speed than that).
Route from your home or office to the server where the file is located.
Your Internet connection being shared with other computers at your home or office.
Downloading several files at the same time with P2P programs, eating up part of the available bandwidth of your Internet connection.

Restart the Pc

How to sent a Fake E-mail(gmail,yahoo etc)

2008-07-13T08:22:00.000-07:00

THIS TUTORIAL WILL TELL YOU HOW TO SEND FAKE MAILS TO ANY MAIL BOX SUCH AS YAHOO, GMAIL, HOTMAIL AND SO ON... THE ART OF SENDING FAKE MAILS IS CALLED EMAIL FORGING.FOR EXAMPLE YOU CAN SEND A MAIL TO YOUR FRIEND AS BILL GATES .IT'S 100% WORKING.

Most of the email froging tutorials on internet will teach us how to send fake mails connecting to SMTP server of ISP or any other domain.But this is not possible since these hacks will no longer work today because SMTP of remote server will reject any attempts for unauthorised access.So we have to run our own SMTP server on our computer.SMTP server is a simple software program which can be installed on your computer in few seconds.
Download QK STMP Server:http://www.qksoft.com/qk-smtp-server/

This is the SMTP server i am using in my tutorial.Once you download and install the server on your comp then you are all set to send fake emails successfully.This works 100%,so trust me & continue.

PART A: CONFIGURING SMTP SERVER

Once you have installed the QK SMTP server on your comp you must perform the following configuration.

1. Click on "Settings" button on the main screen,the Settings window pops up

2. On Settings window click on "Basic Parameter" tab

3. Set binding IP to "127.0.0.1"

4. Set port to "25"

PART B: FORGING EMAIL(SENDING FAKE MAIL)

1. Click on SMTP server icon on your desktop to start your SMTP server to run(The icon is shown on the notification area of the taskbar if it is running).If it is already running then this step can be ignored

2. Goto command prompt(Start-Accessories-Command prompt)

3. Type exactly as follows

C:\>telnet 127.0.0.1 25

Here 127.0.0.1 is the default IP of every computer.25 is the port number.SO you are connecting to the SMTP server running on your own computer.

NOTE:The IP 127.0.0.1 should not be substituted by any other IP.

Heres the snapshot of what you see after step 3.Click on it to enlarge

4. After typing the telnet command in the command prompt you get entry to the server which displays the following message.The response of a OK SMTP server is given below.Message within yellow color is only explanation.

220 Welcome to QK SMTP Server 3
helo hacker (Type helo & any name followed by space)
250 Hello hacker (Server Welcomes You)
mail from:billg@microsoft.com (email address can be anything of your choice)
250 billg@microsoft.com Address Okay (Server gives a positive response)
rcpt to:admin@gmail.com (Type any valid recipient e-mail address)
250 admin@gmail.com Address Okay (Server gives a positive response)
data (type this command to start input data)
354 Please start mail input
From:Gates
To:admin@gmail.com
Date:Sat Jan 5,2008 9:45 PM
Subject:A test of fake mail
You can create as many headers followed by the ":" symbol.
NOTE:HEADERS SHOULD NOT CONTAIN A LINE GAP.IF SO IT IS CONSIDERED AS BODY OF THE MAIL. Press enter twice so that there is a line gap between the header & body data

End the body of mail by pressing [ENTER] .(dot) [ENTER]

250 Mail queued for delivery (Sever indicates that the mail is ready for sending)
quit (Type this command to quit from server)
221 Closing connection. Good bye.
Connection to host lost
(You will get the above 2 lines of message after typing "quit" command)
(Your mail is sent to the recipient)
*****END OF EMAIL FORGING*****

How to Hack Windows Registry!!!

2008-07-13T08:09:00.000-07:00

Normally it takes a hell lot of time just Shutting down Windows, you have to move your mouse to the Start Button, click on it, move it again over Shut Down, click, then move it over the necessary option and click, then move the cursor over the OK button and once again (you guessed it) click.This whole process can be shortened by creating shortcuts on the Desktop which will shut down Windows at the click of a button. Start by creating a new shortcut( right click and select New> Shortcut). Then in the command line box, type (without the quotes.)

'C:\windows\rundll.exe user.exe,exitwindowsexec'

This Shortcut on clicking will restart Windows immediately without any Warning. To create a Shortcut to Restarting Windows, type the following in the Command Line box:

'c:\windows\rundll.exe user.exe,exitwindows'

This Shortcut on clicking will shut down Windows immediately without any Warning.

Ban Shutdowns : A trick to Play on Lamers

This is a neat trick you can play on that lamer that has a huge ego, in this section I teach you, how to disable the Shut Down option in the Shut Down Dialog Box. This trick involves editing the registry, so please make backups. Launch regedit.exe and go to :

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer

In the right pane look for the NoClose Key. If it is not already there then create it by right clicking in the right pane and selecting New > String Value.(Name it NoCloseKey ) Now once you see the NoCloseKey in the right pane, right click on it and select Modify. Then Type 1 in the Value Data Box.

Doing the above on a Win98 system disables the Shut Down option in the Shut Down Dialog Box. But on a Win95 machine if the value of NoCloseKey is set to 1 then click on the Start > Shut Down button displays the following error message:

This operation has been cancelled due to restrictions in effect on this computer. Please contact your system administrator.

You can enable the shut down option by changing the value of NoCloseKey to 0 or simply deleting the particular entry i.e. deleting NoCloseKey.

Instead of performing the above difficult to remember process, simply save the following with an extension of .reg and add it's contents to the registry by double clicking on it.

REGEDIT4

[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer]

"NoClose"="1"

Disabling Display of Drives in My Computer

This is yet another trick you can play on your geek friend. To disable the display of local or networked drives when you click My Computer go to :

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer

Now in the right pane create a new DWORD item and name it NoDrives. Now modify it's value and set it to 3FFFFFF (Hexadecimal) Now press F5 to refresh. When you click on My Computer, no drives will be shown. To enable display of drives in My Computer, simply delete this DWORD item. It's .reg file is as follows:

REGEDIT4

[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer]

"NoDrives"=dword:03ffffff

Take Over the Screen Saver

To activate and deactivate the screen saver whenever you want, goto the following registry key:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\ScreenSavers

Now add a new string value and name it Mouse Corners. Edit this new value to -Y-N. Press F5 to refresh the registry. Voila! Now you can activate your screensaver by simply placing the mouse cursor at the top right corner of the screen and if you take the mouse to the bottom left corner of the screen, the screensaver will deactivate.

Pop a banner each time Windows Boots

To pop a banner which can contain any message you want to display just before a user is going to log on, go to the key:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\WinLogon

Now create a new string Value in the right pane named LegalNoticeCaption and enter the value that you want to see in the Menu Bar. Now create yet another new string value and name it: LegalNoticeText. Modify it and insert the message you want to display each time Windows boots. This can be effectively used to display the company's private policy each time the user logs on to his NT box. It's .reg file would be:

REGEDIT4

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Winlogon]

"LegalNoticeCaption"="Caption here."

Delete the Tips of the Day to save 5KB

Windows 95 had these tips of the day which appeared on a system running a newly installed Windows OS. These tips of the day are stored in the Windows Registry and consume 5K of space. For those of you who are really concerned about how much free space your hard disk has, I have the perfect trick.

To save 5K go to the following key in Regedit:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Tips

Now simply delete these tricks by selecting and pressing the DEL key.

Change the Default Locations

To change the default drive or path where Windows will look for it's installation files, go to the key:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Setup\SourcePath

Now you can edit as you wish.

Secure your Desktop Icons and Settings

You can save your desktop settings and secure it from your nerdy friend by playing with the registry. Simply launch the Registry Editor go to:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer

In the right pane create a new DWORD Value named NoSaveSettings and modify it's value to 1. Refresh and restart for the settings to get saved.

CLSID Folders Explained

Don't you just hate those stubborn stupid icons that refuse to leave the desktop, like the Network Neighborhood icon. I am sure you want to know how you can delete them. You may say, that is really simple, simply right click on the concerned icon and select Delete. Well not exactly, you see when you right click on these special folders( see entire list below)neither the rename nor the delete option does not appear. To delete these folders, there are two methods, the first one is using the System Policy Editor(Poledit in the Windows installation CD)and the second is using the Registry.

Before we go on, you need to understand what CLSID values are. These folders, like the Control Panel, Inbox, The Microsoft Network, Dial Up Networking etc are system folders. Each system folder has a unique CLSID key or the Class ID which is a 16-byte value which identifies an individual object that points to a corresponding key in the registry.

To delete these system Folders from the desktop simply go to the following registry key:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Desktop\Namespace{xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx}

To delete an icon simply delete the 16 byte CLSID value within "NameSpace". The following are the CLSID values of the most commonly used icons:

My Briefcase:{85BBD920-42AO-1069-A2E4-08002B30309D}

Desktop: {00021400-0000-0000-C000-0000000000046}

Control Panel:{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}

Dial-Up-Networking:{992CFFA0-F557-101A-88EC-00DD01CCC48}

Fonts: {BD84B380-8CA2-1069-AB1D-08000948534}

Inbox :{00020D76-0000-0000-C000-000000000046}

My Computer :{20D04FE0-3AEA-1069-A2D8-08002B30309D}

Network Neighborhood:{208D2C60-3AEA-1069-A2D7-O8002B30309D}

Printers :{2227A280-3AEA-1069-A2DE-O8002B30309D}

Recycle Bin :{645FF040-5081-101B-9F08-00AA002F954E}

The Microsoft Network:{00028B00-0000-0000-C000-000000000046}

History: {FF393560-C2A7-11CF-BFF4-444553540000}

Winzip :{E0D79300-84BE-11CE-9641-444553540000}

For example, to delete the Recycle Bin, first note down it's CLSID value, which is: 645FF040-5081-101B-9F08-00AA002F954E. Now go to the Namespace key in the registry and delete the corresponding key.

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\explorer\Desktop\NameSpace\{645FF040-5081-101B-9F08-00AA002F954E}

Similarly to delete the History folder, delete the following key:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\explorer\Desktop\NameSpace\{FBF23B42-E3F0-101B-8488-00AA003E56F8}

Sometimes, you may need to play a trick on your brother or friend, well this one teaches you how to hide all icons from the Desktop. Go to the following registry key:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer

In the right pane create a new DWORD value by the name: NoDesktop and set its value to: 1. Reboot and you will find no icons on the desktop.

Till now you simply learnt how to delete the special system folders by deleting a registry key, but the hack would have been better if there was a way of adding the DELETE and RENAME option to the right click context menus of these special folders. You can actually change the right click context menu of any system folder and add any of the following options: RENAME, DELETE, CUT, COPY, PASTE and lots more.

This hack too requires you to know the CLSID value of the system folder whose menu you want to customize. In this section, I have taken up Recycle Bin as the folder whose context menu I am going to edit.

Firstly launch the registry editor and open the following registry key:

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID\{645FF040-5081-101B-9F08-00AA002F954E}\ShellFolder.

In Case you want to edit some other folder like say the FONTS folder, then you will open the following key:

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID\{CLSID VALUE HERE}\ShellFolder.

In the right pane there will be a DWORD value names attributes. Now consider the following options:

To add the Rename option to the menu, change the value of Attributes to
50 01 00 20

To add the Delete option to the menu, change the value of Attributes to
60 01 00 20

3. To add both the Rename & Delete options to the menu, change the value of Attributes to 70,01,00,20

4. Add Copy to the menu, change Attributes to 41 01 00 20

5. Add Cut to the menu, change Attributes to 42 01 00 20

6. Add Copy & Cut to the menu, change Attributes to 43 01 00 20

7. Add Paste to the menu, change Attributes to 44 01 00 20

8. Add Copy & Paste to the menu, change Attributes to 45 01 00 20

9. Add Cut & Paste to the menu, change Attributes to 46 01 00 20

10.Add all Cut, Copy & Paste to the menu, change Attributes to 47 01 00 20

We want to add only the Rename option to the right click context menu of the Recycle Bin, so change the value of attributes to: 50 01 00 20. Press F5 to refresh and then after rebooting you will find that when you right click on the Recycle Bin a RENAME option pops up too.

To reset the default Windows options change the value of Attributes back to

40 01 00 20

The Registry File which one can create for the above process would be something like the below:

REGEDIT4

[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID\{645FF040-5081-101B-9F08-00AA002F954E}\Shell-Folder]

"Attributes"=hex:50,01,00,20

To access say the Modem Properties in the Control Panel Folder, the normal procedure is: Click on Start, Click on Settings> Control Panel and then wait for the Control Panel window to pop up and then ultimately click on the Modems icon.

Wouldn't it be lovely if you could shorten the process to: Click on Start> Control Panel>Modems. Yes you can add the Control Panel and also all other Special System Folders directly to the first level Start Menu. Firstly collect the CLSID value of the folder you want to add to the start menu. I want to add Control Panel hence the CLSID value is: 21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D

Now right click on the Start Button and select Open. Now create a new folder and name it: Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}

NOTE: Do not forget the period after the 'l' in Panel. Similarly all system folders can be added to the Start Menu.(accept My Briefcase, I think)

Deleting System Options from the Start menu

You can actually remove the Find and Run options from the start menu by performing a simple registry hack. Again like always Launch the registry editor and scroll down to the below key:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer

Right-click on the right pane and select New, DWORD Value. Name it NoFind.(To remove the RUN option name it NoRun). Double-click the newly create DWORD to edit it's value and enter 1 as its value. This will disable the FIND option of the Start Menu and will also disable the default Shortcut key(F3 for Find.)

To restore the Run or find command modify the value of the DWORD to 0 or simply Delete the DWORD value.

Fed Up of the boring Old Yellow Folder Icons?[Drive Icons Included]

NOTE: This trick hasn't been tried on Win98.

You can easily change the boring yellow folder icons to your own personalized icons. Simply create a text file and copy the following lines into it:

[.ShellClassInfo]

ICONFILE=Drive:\Path\Icon_name.extension

Save this text file by the name, desktop.ini in the folder, whose icon you want to change. Now to prevent this file from getting deleted change it's attributes to Hidden and Read Only by using the ATTRIB command.

To change the icon of a drive, create a text file containing the following lines:

[Autorun]

ICON=Drive:\Path\Icon_name.extension

Save this file in the root of the drive whose icon you want to change and name it autorun.inf For Example, if you want to change the icon of a floppy, SAVE THE icon in a:\icon_name.ico One can also create a kewl icon for the Hard Disk and create a text file [autorun.inf] and store it in "c:\".

Securing NT

By default, NT 4.0 displays the last person who logged onto the system. This can be considered to be a security threat, especially in the case of those who choose their password to be same as their Username. To disable this bug which actually is a feature, go to the following key in the registry editor:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\WindowsNT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon

Click and select the ReportBookOK item and create a new string value called DontDisplayLastUserName. Modify it and set it's value to 1.

As a system administrator, you can ensure that the passwords chosen by the users are not too lame or too easy to guess. NT has this lovely utility called the User Manager which allows the administrator to set the age limit of the password which forces the users to change the password after a certain number of days. You can also set the minimum length of passwords and prevent users to use passwords which already have been used earlier and also enable account lockouts which will deactivate an account after a specified number of failed login attempts.

When you log on to Win NT, you should disable Password Caching, this ensures Single NT Domain login and also prevents secondary Windows Logon screen.

Simply copy the following lines to a plain text ASCII editor like: Notepad and save it with an extension, .reg

----------------DISABLE.reg-----------------

REGEDIT4

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Network]

"DisablePwdCaching"=dword:00000001

----------------DISABLE.reg-----------------

To Enable Password Caching use the following .reg file:

--------------Enable.reg-----------------

REGEDIT4

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Network]

"DisablePwdCaching"=dword:00000000

--------------Enable.reg-----------------

Cleaning Recent Docs Menu and the RUN MRU

The Recent Docs menu can be easily disabled by editing the Registry. To do this go to the following Key:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer

Now in the right pane, create a new DWORD value by the name: NoRecentDocsMenu and set it's value to 1. Restart Explorer to save the changes.

You can also clear the RUN MRU history. All the listings are stored in the key:

HKEY_USERS\.Default\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\RunMRU

You can delete individual listings or the entire listing. To delete History of Find listings go to:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Doc Find Spec MRU

and delete.

Customizing the Right Click Context Menu of the Start Menu

When you right click on the start menu, only 3 options pop up: Open, Explore, and Find. You can add your own programs to this pop up menu( which comes up when we right click on it.) Open Regedit and go to the following registry key:

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\Shell

Right click on the shell and create a new Sub Key (You can create a new SubKey by right clicking on the Shell Key and selecting New > Key.). Type in the name of the application you want to add to the start menu. I want to add Notepad to the Start Menu and hence I name this new sub key, Notepad. Now right click on the new registry key that you just created and create yet another new key named Command. Enter the full path of the application, in this case Notepad in the default value of Command in the right

pane. So I Modify the value of the default string value and enter the full pathname of Notepad:

c:\wndows\notepad.exe.

Now press F5 to refresh. Now if you right click on the Start Button you will find a new addition to the Pop Up Menu called Notepad. Clicking on it will launch Notepad.

We can not only add but also remove the existing options in this pop up box.

To delete the Find option, go to the following registry key:

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\Shell\Find

Delete Find. DO NOT delete Open else you will not be able to open any folders in the Start Menu like Programs, Accessories etc.

BMP Thumbnail As Icon

You can actually change the default BMP icon to a thumbnail version of the actual BMP file. To do this simply go to HKCU\Paint.Picture\Default. In the right pane change the value of default to %1. Please note however that this will slow down the display rate in explorer if there are too many BMP thumbnails to display. You can use other icons too, simply enter the pathname.To restore back to the normal change the vale of default back to: C:\Progra~1\Access~1\MSPAINT.EXE,1.

Customizing The Shortcut Arrow

All shortcuts have a tiny black arrow attached to it's icon to distinguish from normal files. This arrow can sometimes be pretty annoying and as a Hacker should know how to change each and everything, here goes another trick. Launch the Registry Editor and go to:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\explorer\Shell Icons.

Now, on the right pane is a list of icons ( we found out that on some systems, Windows 98 especially, the right pane is blank. Don't worry, just add the value as required ). Find the value 29. If it isn't there, just add it. The value of this string should be C:\Windows\system\shell32.dll, 29 ( which means the 30th icon in shell32.dll - the first one begins with 0 ). Now, we need blank icon to do this. Just create one with white as the whole icon. Go here to learn how to create an icon. Once done just change the value to C:\xxx.ico, 0 where "xxx" is the full path of the icon file and "0" is the icon in it.

Now for some fun. If the blank icon is a bit boring, change it again. You will find that under shell32.dll there is a gear icon, a shared folder ( the hand ) and much more. Experiment for yourself!

Use Perl to Get List or Services Running on your NT box

Use the following Perl Script to get a list of Services running on your NT system

--------------script.pl-----------------

#!c:\per\bin\perl.exe

use Win32::Service;

my ($key, %service, %status, $part);

Win32::Service::GetServices(' ',\%services);

foreach $key (sort keys %services) {

print "Print Name\t: $key, $services{$key}\n";

Win32::Service::GetStatus( ' ',$services{$key};

\%status);

foreach $part (keys %status) {

print "\t$part : $status{$part}\n" if($part eq "CurrentState");

}

}

-------------script.pl-------------------

Internet Explorer Tricks and Tips

Resizable Full Screen Toolbar

The Full Screen option increases the viewable area and makes surfing more enjoyable but sometimes we need the Toolbar but also need to have extra viewing area. Now this hack teaches you how to change the size of the Internet Explorer toolbar. This registry hack is a bit complicated as it involves Binary values, so to make it simple, I have included the following registry file which will enable the resizable option of the Internet Explorer toolbar which was present in the beta version of IE.

REGEDIT4

[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Toolbar]

"Theater"=hex:0c,00,00,00,4c,00,00,00,74,00,00,00,18,00,00,00,1b,00,00,00,5c,\

00,00,00,01,00,00,00,e0,00,00,00,a0,0f,00,00,05,00,00,00,22,00,00,00,26,00,\

00,00,02,00,00,00,21,00,00,00,a0,0f,00,00,04,00,00,00,01,00,00,00,a0,0f,00,\

00,03,00,00,00,08,00,00,00,00,00,00,00

*******************

HACKING TRUTH: Internet Explorer 5 displays the friendly version of HTTP errors like NOT FOUND etc . They are aimed at making things easier for newbies. If you would rather prefer to see the proper error pages for the web server you're using, go to Tools, Internet Options and select the Advanced tab. Then scroll down and uncheck the Show friendly http errors box.

*******************

Making the Internet Explorer & the Explorer Toolbars Fancy

The Internet Explorer toolbar looks pretty simple. Want to make it fancy and kewl? Why not add a background image to it. To do this kewl hack launch the Windows Registry Editor and go to the following key: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\ Internet Explorer\Toolbar\.

Now in the right pane create a new String Value and name it BackBitmap and modify it's value to the path of the Bitmap you want to dress it up with by rightclicking on it and choosing Modify. When you reboot the Internet Explorer and the Windows Explorer toolbars will have a new look.

Change Internet Explorer's Caption

Don't like the caption of Internet Explorer caption? Want to change it? Open the registry editor and go to

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Main.

In the right pane create a new String Value names Window Title (Note the space between Window and Title). Right click on this newly created String Value and select Modify. Type in the new caption you want to be displayed. Restart for the settings to take place.

Now let's move on to some Outlook Express Tricks.

Colorful Background

Don't like the boring background colors of Outlook Express? To change it launch the Windows Registry Editor and scroll down to the

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Internet Mail And News key.

On the left pane, click on ColorCycle or select Edit and Modify in the menu. Now change the value to 1. Close and restart. Now, launch Outlook Express and whenever you open up a New Message, hold down ctrl-shift and tap the z key to scroll to change the background color. Repeat the keystroke to cycle through the colors.

Internet Explorer 5 Hidden Features

Microsoft Internet Explorer 5 has several hidden features which can be controlled using the Windows Registry. Open your registry and scroll down to the following key:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Restrictions

Create a new DWORD value named x(See complete list of values of x below) and modify it's value to 1 to enable it and to 0 to disable it.

NoBrowserClose : Disable the option of closing Internet Explorer.

NoBrowserContextMenu : Disable right-click context menu.

NoBrowserOptions : Disable the Tools / Internet Options menu.

NoBrowserSaveAs : Disable the ability to Save As.

NoFavorites : Disable the Favorites.

NoFileNew : Disable the File / New command.

NoFileOpen : Disable the File / Open command.

NoFindFiles : Disable the Find Files command.

NoSelectDownloadDir : Disable the option of selecting a download directory.

NoTheaterMode : Disable the Full Screen view option.

Hacking Secrets

Almost all system administrators make certain changes and make the system restricted. System Administrators can hide the RUN option, the FIND command, the entire Control Panel, drives in My Computer like D: A: etc. They can even restrict activities of a hacker my disabling or hiding, even the tiniest options or tools.

Most commonly these restrictions are imposed locally and are controlled by the Windows Registry. But sometimes the smart system administrators control the activities of the hacker by imposing restrictions remotely through the main server.

Poledit or Policy Editor is a small kewl tool which is being commonly used by system administrators to alter the settings of a system. This utility is not installed by default by Windows. You need to install in manually from the Windows 98 Installation Kit from the Resource Kit folder. user.dat file that we saw earlier.

The Policy Editor tool imposes restrictions on the user's system by editing the user.dat file which in turn means that it edits the Windows Registry to change the settings. It can be used to control or restrict access to each and every folder and option you could ever think of. It has the power to even restrict access to individual folders, files, the Control Panel, MS DOS, the drives available etc. Sometimes this software does make life really hard for a Hacker. So how can we remove the restrictions imposed by the Policy Editor? Well read ahead to learn more.

You see the Policy Editor is not the only way to restrict a user's activities. As we already know that the Policy Editor edits the Windows Registry(user.dat) file to impose such restrictions. So this in turn would mean that we can directly make changes to the Windows Registry using a .reg file or directly to remove or add restrictions.

Launch Regedit and go to the following Registry Key:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER/Software/Microsoft/CurrentVersion/Policies

Under this key, there will definitely be a key named explorer. Now under this explorer key we can create new DWORD values and modify it's value to 1 in order to impose the restriction. If you want to remove the Restriction, then you can simply delete the respective DWORD values or instead change their values to 0. The following is a list of DWORD values that can be created under the Explorer Key-:

NoDeletePrinter: Disables Deletion of already installed Printers

NoAddPrinter: Disables Addition of new Printers

NoRun : Disables or hides the Run Command

NoSetFolders: Removes Folders from the Settings option on Start Menu (Control Panel, Printers, Taskbar)

NoSetTaskbar: Removes Taskbar system folder from the Settings option on Start Menu

NoFind: Removes the Find Tool (Start >Find)

NoDrives: Hides and does not display any Drives in My Computer

NoNetHood: Hides or removes the Network Neighborhood icon from the desktop

NoDesktop: Hides all items including, file, folders and system folders from the Desktop

NoClose: Disables Shutdown and prevents the user from normally shutting down Windows.

NoSaveSettings: Means to say, 'Don't save settings on exit'

DisableRegistryTools: Disable Registry Editing Tools (If you disable this option, the Windows Registry Editor(regedit.exe) too

will not work.)

NoRecentDocsHistory: Removes Recent Document system folder from the Start Menu (IE 4 and above)

ClearRecentDocsOnExit: Clears the Recent Documents system folder on Exit.

Nolnternetlcon: Removes the Internet (system folder) icon from the Desktop

Under the same key: HKEY_CURRENT_USER/Software/Microsoft/CurrentVersion/Policies you can create new subkeys other than the already existing Explorer key. Now create a new key and name it System. Under this new key, system we can create the following new DWORD values(1 for enabling the particular option and 0 for disabling the particular option):

NODispCPL: Hides Control Panel

NoDispBackgroundPage: Hides Background page.

NoDispScrsavPage: Hides Screen Saver Page

NoDispAppearancePage: Hides Appearance Page

NoDispSettingsPage: Hides Settings Page

NoSecCPL: Disables Password Control Panel

NoPwdPage: Hides Password Change Page

NoAdminPaqe: Hides Remote Administration Page

NoProfilePage: Hides User Profiles Page

NoDevMgrPage: Hides Device Manager Page

NoConfigPage: Hides Hardware Profiles Page

NoFileSysPage: Hides File System Button

NoVirtMemPage: Hides Virtual Memory Button

Similarly, if we create a new subkey named Network, we can add the following DWORD values under it(1 for enabling the particular option and 0 for disabling the particular option):

NoNetSetupSecurityPage: Hides Network Security Page

NoNelSetup: Hides or disables the Network option in the Control Panel

NoNetSetupIDPage: Hides the Identification Page

NoNetSetupSecurityPage: Hides the Access Control Page

NoFileSharingControl: Disables File Sharing Controls

NoPrintSharing: Disables Print Sharing Controls

Similarly, if we create a new subkey named WinOldApp, we can add the following DWORD values under it(1 for enabling the particular option and 0 for disabling the particular option):

Disabled: Disable MS-DOS Prompt

NoRealMode: Disable Single-Mode MS-DOS.

So you see if you have access to the Windows Registry, then you can easily create new DWORD values and set heir value to 1 for enabling the particular option and 0 for disabling the particular option. But Sometimes, access to the Windows Registry is blocked. So what do you do? Go to the Windows Directory and delete either user.dat or system.dat (These 2 files constitute the Windows Registry.) and reboot. As soon as Windows logs in, it will display a Warning Message informing you about an error in the Windows Registry. Simply ignore this Warning Message and Press CTRL+DEL+ALT to get out of this warning message.(Do not press OK) You will find that all restrictions have been removed.

The most kind of restriction found quite commonly is the Specific Folder Restriction, in which users are not allowed access to specific folders, the most common being the Windows folder, or sometimes even access to My Computer is blocked. In effect, you simply cannot seem to access the important kewl files which are needed by you to do remove restrictions. What do you? Well use the RUN command. (START >RUN). But unfortunately a system administrator who is intelligent enough to block access to specific folder, would definitely have blocked access to the RUN command. Again we are stuck.

Windows is supposed to be the most User Friendly Operating System on earth. (At least Microsoft Says so.)

It gives the User an option to do the same thing in various ways. You see the RUN command is only the most convenient option of launching applications, but not the only way. In Windows you can create shortcuts to almost anything from a file, folder to a Web URL. So say your system administrator has blocked access to the c:\windows\system folder and you need to access it. What do you do? Simply create a Shortcut to it. To do this right click anywhere on the desktop and select New > Shortcut. A new window titled Create Shortcut pops up. Type in the path of the restricted folder you wish to access, in this case c:\windows\system. Click Next, Enter the friendly name of the Shortcut and then click Finish. Now you can access the restricted folder by simply double clicking on the shortcut icon. Well that shows how protected and secure *ahem Windows *ahem is.

****************

HACKING TRUTH: Sometimes when you try to delete a file or a folder, Windows displays an error message saying that the file is protected. This simply means that the file is write protected, or in other words the R option is +. Get it? Anyway, you can stop Windows from displaying this error message and straightaway delete this file by changing its attributes to Non Read Only. This can be done by Right Clicking on the file, selecting Properties and then

unselecting the Read Only Option.

***************

There is yet another way of accessing restricted folders. Use see, DOS has a lovely command known as START. Its general syntax is:

START application_path

It does do what it seems to do, start applications. So in you have access to DOS then you can type in the START command to get access to the restricted folder. Now mostly access to DOS too would be blocked. So again you can use the shortcut trick to launch, c:\command.com or c:\windows\command.com. (Command.com is the file which launches MS DOS).

Accessing Restricted Drives.

The problem with most system administrators is that they think that the users or Hackers too are stupid. Almost all system administrators use the Registry Trick (Explained Earlier) to hide all drives in My Computer. So in order to unhide or display all drives, simply delete that particular key.(Refer to beginning of Untold Secrets Section.)

Some systems have the floppy disk disabled through the BIOS. On those systems if the BIOS is protected, you may need to crack the BIOS password. (For that Refer to the Windows Hacking Chapter). Sometimes making drives readable (Removing R +) and then creating Shortcuts to them also helps us to get access to them.

Further Changing your Operating System's Looks by editing .htt files

If you have installed Windows Desktop Update and have the view as Web Page option enabled, you can customise the way the folder looks by selecting View > Customise this folder. Here you can change the background and other things about that particular folder. Well that is pretty lame, right? We hackers already know things as lame as that. Read on for some kewl stuff.

Well, you could also change the default that is stored in a Hidden HTML Template file (I think so..) which is nothing but a HTML document with a .htt extension. This .htt file is found at: %systemroot%\web\folder.htt.

The %systemroot% stands for the drive in which Windows is Installed, which is normally C:

You can edit these .htt files almost just like you edit normal .HTM or .HTML files. Simply open them in an ASCII editor like Notepad. The following is a list of .htt files on your system which control various folders and which can be edited to customise the way various folders look.

controlp.htt Control Panel

printers.htt Printers

mycomp.htt My Computer

safemode.htt Safe Mode

Download Free Password Crackers................

2008-07-13T08:06:00.000-07:00

This list deals with password crakers . The best part of this list is that you can Legally download all of these without any risk. Why?? just read along. Actually all the password crackers are sold under a disguse. They claim their main motive is to retrive forgotten password . Here i begin with passord crackers

MS OFFICE

Ultimate-ZIP-Cracker -- MS Word documents (DOC), Office 97/2000/XP/2003; Excel documents (XLS), Office 97/2000/XP/2003

Passware Password Recovery Kit -- Excel, Word, Access, Outlook, Windows XP/2000/NT

Password Recovery Software --All Microsoft office 00-03 (XP)

Password recovary pro - works for most esp OUTLOOK.

Pstpassword - for outlook pst files(97-03)

Accent Office Password Recovery

Advanced Access Password Recovery

Advanced word Password Recovery

Advanced Office Password Recovery

Excel Password Recovery

Internet Password Recovery Toolbox -- Outlook Express, Outlook, network

Office Password Recovery Key Light

Advanced Office Password Breaker

1a MS Access-Password Recovery

Free Word Excel Password Wizard

Atomic Word Password Recovery

ZIP/RAR/Archives

Ultimate-ZIP-Cracker -- ZIP archives, ARJ archives

Passware Password Recovery Kit -- RAR, WinZip

Password Recovery Software -- ZIP, WINZIP, RAR, ARJ, ACE

Advanced Archive Password Recovery -- ZIP/PKZip/WinZip, ARJ/WinArj, RAR/WinRAR, and ACE/WinACE

Visual Zip Password Recovery Processor

RAR Password Recovery
ZIP Key

MESSENGERS

MSN Messenger Password Recovery-- MSN and Windows Msngr

Hotmail & MSN Password Recovery

Password recovary pro - ICQ

Advanced Instant Messengers Password Recovery 3.4 -- ICQ, AOL IM, Yahoo Messenger, MSN Messenger, Windows Live Messenger, Microsoft Office Communicator 2005, Google Talk, Excite Messenger, Odigo, Trillian, Jabber, PalTalk, Miranda.
MessenPass-- Instant Messenger applications installed on your computer
Atomic AIM Password Recovery
Atomic ICQ Password Recovery
ICQ Password
Instant Messengers Password Recovery Master

To Crack/Recover Password of offline E-mail Accounts!!!

2008-07-13T07:58:00.000-07:00

What if you have lost the password of Outlook , Eudora, TheBat, Netscape Navigator/Communicator mail, or any other offline mail account. No fear when Google Helper is here!!

Lets cut all the jokes. There are a no of software that will you recover the password.These are fully legal and you wont get into trouble if you download it. Only problem is they are not free that is if you dont do torrent download.All that you need to do is enter your account name and hope it recovers the password. Since only 50% success is guaranteed. For 100% success use a combination of softwares.

Remember Never ever use this to hack someone else's account.

The first software is Mail PassView this is a general password recovery software.

If you want a more specfic one it's Advanced Mailbox Password Recovery . This retrives password of Microsoft Internet mail and news, Eudora, TheBat, Netscape Navigator/Communicator mail, Pegasus mail, Calypso mail, FoxMail, Phoenix mail, IncrediMail, @nyMail, QuickMail Pro, MailThem,MailThem Pro, Opera mail, Kaufman Mail Warrior, BeckyMail, Becky Internet mail, Pegasus.

If you just wnat to recover password of Outlook try Internet Password Recovery Toolbox . Alternatively if you want of Eudora, The Bat, Becky, IncrediMail, Gmail Notifier, Group Mail Free, and PocoMail Email Password Recovery Master is the software to try

Hacking Remote Machine(with nbtstat)

2008-07-13T07:53:00.000-07:00

Just go to dos(start>>run>>cmd) . In dos just type "nbtstat -a IP "
Just enter your IP as a trial.In reality you need to enter Remote machine's IP. You will get a out put some thing like this

nbtstat is a dos tool that reveals who is online on a remote comp. This gives details of the person whose ip you have entered.

Go back to fig1. In it If you do not get the number <20> then the victim has not enabled "File And Printer Sharing ". If you get "Host Not found" that means the port 139 is closed or the IP address doesn't exists. I will soon(tommorow) edit this article to tell you what can you do with this as of today this much is enough

Good Working 85 Scripts

2008-07-13T07:47:00.000-07:00

1) Expired Domain Finder Script:
This PHP script has become a very hot item within the last 6 months! This Script will look up domains that have expired, or are about to expire in both the Yahoo! Directory, AND Dmoz Directory! This script will also allow your customers to monitor domains that they are interested in; it has a domain digger, and has PayPal IPN functionality built right into the script! There are many websites selling memberships using this script for up to as much as $29.99 per month! The script comes with an administrator section where you can manage the look, and feel of your website, as well as manage your members, set up different membership packages and more! The fact that this script uses MySQL means that it is extremely fast, and can look up expired or soon to expire domains in an instant!
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2) PHP Auto Hits Script:
With this new PHP Auto Hits script, you can set up a profitable traffic exchange service, complete with an auto-surfer and everything else.

The Following Scripts ALL come with Royalty-Free License!

3) PHP Link Listing Script:
The Script Is Unique from Other Link Listing Scripts In That It Creates Different "Rooms" For Different Links! Making This Powerful Script its Own Little Web Surfing Tool For The Visitor Of The Site! It Is More Or Less A Nice Little Search Engine! Once A Visitor Signs Up For The Website they are placed on a mailing list, and the script automatically sends out an email to each visitor every time a new link is added! You Can Make Money Selling Advertising To Other Webmasters! The Automatic Email Will Guarantee Your advertisers that their link will be seen! The Visitor will have a choice on whether to receive an email for each link OR one email with all new links listed! There is a top ten list for the most popular links! When you add a new wing, you choose a name and also who can get there. You may have rooms that are off-limits to the public. These private rooms will never be shown to the public or appear in the Top 10, Last 10 and Random lists! A very nice script!

4) PHP MySQL Yahoo Style Link Directory/Search Engine:
This Script is a PHP and MySQL powered links database which allows You to run a database driven categorized links section on a web site - similar in structure to Yahoo or any other categorized links collection. Features include:
* Fully database driven utilizing MySQL.
* Full template system allowing you to control the HTML output of the script without needing to alter any of the PHP code.
* Easily customizable if you wish to alter the script in any way.
* Very easy to admin via the web - log in and add / edit categories and links.
* Visitors to your site can recommend new links, which you can then validate.
* Allows visitors to rate your links from 1-10, and displays average rating.
* Rating a link more than once is discouraged using cookies.
* Number of hits each link has received is recorded and displayed.
* Very easy to set up and use, thanks to an installation script and config file.
* Built in Search Feature.
* Most popular, top rated and newest links pages.

5) PHP MySQL Website Stats Business:
This script is simply awesome! It is a new PHP script, and will allow you to set up your own link tracking business! There are two different memberships you can sell with this script, and both are beneficial to you! The lite membership costs less, but requires your customer's to keep a banner to your website on theirs in order to track their stats! The pro membership of course costs more (Whatever price you set!) and does not require the customer to link to your site! The script automatically takes payments via the PayPal subscription method so you are insured to receive your fees every month! It also keeps track of your customer's statistics daily, weekly, and monthly! This is a VERY nice script!

6) Automated Form Submission Prevention Script
Did you ever sign up for a website that makes you enter a combination of distorted letters and numbers to prevent automated signup and wish you could add that script to your site? Well now you can. This script generates distorted images of random sequences that most humans can read, but computers cannot, therefore to prevent automated robots from submitting forms and signing up for your service.

7) A Sophisticated PHP Ecommerce Site
This script will allow you to run a very nice, and very secure ecommerce area or store front from your website! It is very easy to install and comes with an installer script so that all you need to do to set it up is point and click! This in-depth script will keep your customer's entire records safe in a database, and will allow you to update orders and more! Highly Recommended!

8) The Well Known osCommerce PHP Shopping Cart! However This Is NOT The Snapshot Version! This Is The MILESTONE RELEASE!:
osCommerce is quickly becoming the shopping cart of choice for many online merchants! This script is simply AWESOME! You can literally have a store set up and ready to take orders within an hour! The script comes with a VERY easy to use admin section where you add all of the products, manage customers, shipping, tax, payment process, inventory, and just so much more to mention! You can use MANY, MANY different payment gateways with osCommerce including PayPal, 2Checkout, authorize.net, and many more! This version of the script is NOT simply the snapshot version THIS IS THE MILESTONE RELEASE!

9) Your Own FTP Program Written In PHP:
This is another truly GREAT PHP script! This script actually allows you to set-up and run YOUR OWN FTP SERVER! The best thing about having your own FTP server is You know who is using your FTP and if there is someone trying to retrieve your password for your server (which is impossible to do with this script I might add)! You will be able to set up and use your own FTP program with ALL of the benefits of the expensive FTP software! If you are a web host, or have any anonymous FTP users this script will also let your customers use it for their uploading purposes as well!

10) A FAQ Generator PHP Script:
Have you ever wanted to find an easier way to add your customer's frequently asked questions to your website? This script will easily allow you to add topics, and questions to your new FAQ page! It is very easy to install, And comes with an administration section so that you can add the information to your page/pages directly from your web browser! Every site needs to have a FAQ page for the sake of its clients, and this script provides the easiest way to build one!
Comes With Reseller Rights

11) Two Very Nice PHP Toplists Scripts!
The First Is A Detailed PHP Script With MANY Features:
If you have ever wanted to run your own toplist website THIS IS THE SCRIPT FOR YOU! It comes with such advanced features as Anti-Cheating, Rules members MUST follow, Easy to match the look of your website, looks up lost passwords, allows you to decide if you want to allow banners to be used by your visitors, Allows you to sell advertising for your toplist, and a lot more! A very sophisticated script!

12) The Second Is A VERY Nicely Designed PHP Topsite Script:
This toplist script has a VERY nice design to it! It is very easy to install, and is template based so all of the HTML work has already been done for you! This toplist script is limited ONLY BY YOU! You can allow as many or as few links to be added to the entire list, or even page by page! Many toplists make the major search engines fast due to the amount of links, and visitors they receive! This is a great way to SELL advertising Or simply advertise your own websites!

13) Two Auction Scripts 1 PHP, And 1 Perl/CGI!
The First Is a Popular PHP Auction script!
This is a VERY nice PHP auction script! It Is a very easy script to install! There are Many Premium features that come with this auction script! Once it is installed you can easily manage your new auction site from a secure administration section! You can manage the look of your website, manage all of your users, approve, and delete members, send out a newsletter, and much more right from your browser! The script will automatically notify your customers when they register, get outbid, win an auction, or owe you money! Once it is installed it is virtually a hands off business!
Comes With Reseller Rights

14) The Second Is Another Popular CGI Auction Script!
A Perl Auction Script That Is Used WIDELY By webmasters! The Script Create auction sites with unlimited categories, and set the price you wish to charge! There is only 1 file to upload to your CGI-Bin! Make a few changes, and WOW! You've got your own Auction website!
Comes With Reseller Rights

15) Two Affiliate Scripts Both Written In PHP!
The First Is A Very Simple Script To Run:
This PHP MySQL script will allow you to run your own affiliate program! One of the easiest ways to get QUALITY traffic to your website is to start your own affiliate program! Pay your affiliates per click, per sale, or in tiers! You will find that when you get more and more affiliates signed up, your sales will skyrocket!

16) The Second Affiliate Script Is A More Sophisticated Script:
This PHP MySQL script has taken running an affiliate program from your website to the next level! It is very easy to install, And The use of MySQL will securely keep your user's information confidential, and keeps excellent track of all commissions earned by your affiliates! To further secure the scripts it also makes excellent use of sessions! If you have a business online, and do not have an affiliate program, you are missing out on some serious cash!

17) POP-UP Creator:
This set of scripts will amaze you when you see how easy it is to create your own POP-UPS on your website! The Simple To Use Software Makes Creating Popups So Easy, A Child Can Do It! If You Ever Wanted To Use The Power of Popups, This Software Is For You! This version of the POP-UP generator also supports the cookie based pop-ups!

18) PHP Authentication Script NICE!:
If you are looking for a way to secure an area of your website this is one of the most powerful, and secure ways to do so! This PHP MySQL script secures your member's passwords via the powerful MD5 in MySQL! Your members can finally feel secure about their passwords being secure when you use this script! The script is VERY easy to install!

19) The Perpetual Traffic Generator:
If you are in need of traffic to your website this script is for you! It Will Increases your traffic by a whopping 927%, Allows you to generate traffic 24/7 absolutely FREE! Frees you up from clicking away mindlessly in front of the PC to chalk up traffic credits. Just set it up and it’ll do all the work for you. Sends a stampede of visitors to your website the very day you invest in this incredible web marketing tool Makes you kick butt profit in the traffic generation process!

20) A PHP Links Exchange Website Script:
This link exchange script is a PHP script that allows your visitors to sign up for an account, and add their link to your website! It keeps track of all dead links on your website so that you can easily maintain your site, and keep dead links off of your link exchange! It also has an administration section that is password protected, and allows you to add categories, links, approve, disapprove, and delete links right from your browser! This would be a very nice script to start up a paid or free link exchange! Either way you win because Linking is the best way to get listed in the major search engines!

21) Two ClickBank Scripts
The First Is The Affiliate Linkmaster:
This Script Stops you from losing your hard earned affiliate commission. No HTML coding! Just click 'Generate Code' and Instant affiliate link masker does The Rest For You! Instant affiliate link masker puts more money in your bank account and NOT somebody else's! Makes sure you get credit for your affiliate referrals. Quickly create your masked affiliate link in less than 5 minutes. No coding involved, Instant Affiliate Link Masker automatically creates your affiliate web page for you With Instant affiliate link masker you can instantly protect and encrypt your affiliate link. Encrypt an unlimited number of affiliate links. No software to install, just download, unzip and run!

22) The Second ClickBank Script Is The Instant Site Maker:
You can automatically build profit pulling web pages in an instant! Quickly create stunning web pages in less than 5 minutes. No coding involved, Instant Site Maker automatically creates your web pages for you. No HTML coding! Just click 'Generate Code' and Instant Site Maker creates your sales page, thank you page and even automatically creates your ClickBank instant download link. No software to install - just download and run. (Requires Internet Explorer version 5.5 or higher) Forget about difficult and tedious hand coding of your web pages . . . Instant Site Maker does it for you and without HTML errors. Instant Site Maker lets you create your own custom web pages instantly. No need to learn HTML or spend hours debugging code, just paste your sales copy straight from MS Word. With Instant Site Maker you can instantly and easily add testimonials to your web page. Quickly and easily create the ClickBank order links so customers can immediately order products from your site. Quickly and easily create your ClickBank thank you page. Quickly create your product download link - so customers' get their products automatically as soon as their order is processed. Quickly and easily create web pages that are fully optimized for high search engine ranking because Instant Site Maker is designed to automatically include search engine friendly HTML code (meta tags) for your pages.

23) A "Suggest My Site" Script Let your visitors suggest your site easily by just filling out a form. This script checks the required fields, sends a thank you message to the person who suggests your site and attaches a pre-defined text to the suggestion mail. Supports both English and Turkish languages.

24) A PHP Script For Building A Web Ring:
A Webring Script! Create Your Own Network Of Websites by creating a webring with this nice script! It will automatically email the members of your webring, and keeps detailed stats of the visitors you receive to your webring! A Very nice well designed script, and very easy to install!

25) A PayPal Store Shopping Cart:
This shopping cart script is a data base driven content management system using PHP and MySQL on a Unix platform (it may work on a windows but I have not tested yet). It supports PayPal IPN, LinkPoint, Worldpay and Authorize.net integration and for those who have a merchant account at their bank there is a way to store credit card info encrypted on the server using mcrypt; it uses a key for encrypting/decrypting CC numbers to and from the data base in SSL.

26) PHP Form To Email Script SECURE!:
It is hard to find a form mail script that will securely deliver your client's results every time, while concealing your email from the SPAM bots! This Script Will Do Just That! The script was cleverly written to disguise your email address, and yet get the results of every form filled out straight to your inbox! We recommend this script highly, and our clients LOVE it!

27) A Online MultiPlayer Chess Script This is an advanced WebChess game where two people can meet up online and play vs. each other. It has many advanced features such as Pawn Promotion, Move Validations, Tells if King is checked, and many, many more. It requires PHP and at least one MySQL Database.

28) A Super Easy Administration Program With this super easy admin program user's can create, modify, and delete files and directories. The code is in a modular format so new modules can be easily created and added. The download is small and contains no un-necessary images or advertising. This is the newest version which has encrypted passwords and now works on newer PHP systems and does not require register_globals to be on.

29) A Sharable Web-Based Address Book Script This script is a web based address book, sharable, multilingual with data import/export features and is based on PHP4 and MySQL. Main features include Create/Access your address book on an internet website; import/export your addresses from/to your email client and/or other address manager applications, users and contacts groups management, group's members messages send facilities (small mailing list utilities which won't replace a mailing list manager). This script is also tunable (colors, fonts, content display, language). This script also comes with installation instructions in French (other than English).

30) A News Publishing Script With this state-of-the-art news publishing script written in PHP and using MySQL, you can post news any time anywhere to your website by using the password protected administration section. Some features include; post news, delete news, delete all news, edit news, delete multiple news, change status (make visible/invisible), supports multi-language, supports CSS, you can call the script via JavaScript, allow/disallow html, display news as NEW for any amount of time, display the latest news, display all the news, display full story and display how many times an article has been read.

31) A "Users Online" Script
This "Users Online" script is written in PHP and allows you to display the exact amount of online users on your website in a very convenient and efficient way. "Users Online" scripts make your website look high-tech and professional and are something no webmaster should be without on his/her website.

32) Awesome File Transfer Script
This awesome file transfer script allows your users to upload and download files from your server; it id highly configurable with user accounts support. Users can give descriptions to files, create and delete their own files and directories and sort lists by filename, upload date or downloads. Currently supports English, Italian and Spanish, but you can customize the application in your language too. If you own a community website such as an online forum or wish to start one, this is the perfect script for you either as a stand-alone or an extra service on your website. This script can get visitors to come and keep coming back time and time again.

33) Affiliate Banner Rotation Script
This affiliate banner rotation script is probably the most easiest to install ad manager on the web! All you've have to do is upload a list of all your affiliate advertising codes in a list and that is about it. Simply include the script using a PHP include code (included) and you're on you way fast and easy. The script changes which advertisement will be viewed next making sure that all your adverts get equal viewing (does NOT show at random like most scripts) and the script requires the page to be refreshed to change the advertisement seen so that you get extended viewing per banner.

34 Simply AWESOME Dating Website Script
This is simply one of the best dating scripts available written in PHP & MySQL. Several cool features available in this script are users can add, edit and delete profiles, upload up to three photos, user messaging system, users can set to be notified when another user will reads their message, users are given numeric usernames to increase privacy, who is online feature, recommend us feature, current birthday list and statistics on the main page (amount of men and woman members).

35) Simple yet Powerful Download Counter Script!
This simple yet powerful download counter will log the details of anyone who downloads any file you specify. It will log their IP Address, Remote Address, browser type and even operating system and you can easily modify and add new downloads through a powerful password protected admin panel. This script can keep track of an unlimited number of files. MySQL and SSI (Server Side Includes) are required.

36) Another "Users Online" Script!
This Users Online script shows how many users are on your website, you can change the time in which the MySQL Database Table is refreshed so you can count users online per minute, hour, week etc! This script is more user friendly and comes with a "setup.php" installation file which will set the script up for you.

37) Text based counter written in PHP
You can quit paying for traffic counter services. This script is a very simple and super easy to install webpage hit counter. The font and color of the counter are completely customizable and there are only 2 files to upload to your web server. Plus you will even have the ability to separate the thousands for added customization.

38) A FAQ manager written in PHP and MySQL
This PHP "FAQ" manager is a simple script yet powerful script that will help you to create (and manage) a FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) page on your site. It is written in PHP, MySQL and FastTemplate so it is fast and easy to configure. Every website needs a FAQ page so you don't look like just another "fly-by-night" website that won't be in business for longer than a month or two.

39) A Sports League, Fixture and Prediction Management Script written in PHP and MySQL!
This powerful script is a football management software written in PHP that use a MySQL database. It has a modular design and comes with two free modules. The league module features wizards for managing a football league, fixtures, games, teams, results, divisions, etc. League team statistics are automatically calculated and updated every time a game is played/entered. The news module features an HTML news creator/editor that can be used to post news.

40) A PHP Whois Lookup Script!
This script is a ready to use WHOIS lookup PHP script that all you have to do is unpack, upload and you are ready to go. The script checks for .com, .net, .org, .biz and .info domain names. No PHP knowledge required! This is the latest updated version which is super easily to customize; you can easily change the language (few lines) or disable domains you don't need.

41) HOT PHP Visitor Logging Script!
This Hot PHP script is a state-of-the-art visitor logging script that can easily display 10 vital statistics about your users. The advanced visit logs this script generator tells you the IP Address, language, browser, operating system, if the user is new to your website, date and time of visit, last visit, days since last visit, referrer page and the keywords they used to find your website (if applicable).

42) Awesome LiveHelp Script!
A live Help support chat system that allows the operators of the websites to monitor their visitors as they are browsing the site and proactively open a chat session with the visitor. Other features include either text based database or MySQL database, chat notification, user is typing message, multiple chat sessions and multiple operators.

43) PHP & MySQL Content Management System
This hot script installs in just minutes on any Windows, UNIX, Linux, or BSD based web server and setup is made super easy through a complete web-based installation system and an included installation guide. Once this software is installed changes to the content of your website is made in complete real-time through an easy to use web-based administration control panel. The control panel allows you to tune every aspect of your web sites visual appearance and layout and also provides an easy to use content authoring & management approach unique to this script. The visual appearance, layout properties, and navigation scheme of the web site can be instantly changed at a global level selecting from installed professional looking skins and navigation bars which will automatically reformat the look of your content "on the fly" while leaving your database driven content completely untouched. Users of this script will find that authoring and editing content for the web site is a snap by making use of the enhanced authoring interface which includes support for both WYSIWYG editors and plain text/HTML markup languages. Uploading and managing your files is also simple using the included file management utility allowing you to upload your images, documents and other files directly from your computers hard disk to the web server where it will become available for use in your websites content. This script is a must have for webmasters who are looking to make completely managing their website a breeze without a lot of programming knowledge.

44) An Electronic Reminder Script
This script allows web-clients to set up reminders to automatically email them at a certain time to remind them of special events. They can set up a one-time reminder or a recurring reminder and they can have it notify them in advance.

45) Hot Mailing List Script!
This mailing list management script is written in PHP and all subscriber info is stored in a MySQL database for security. Features include checking whether a subscriber is or isn't already registered/subscribed, sending out messages at the time of subscribing and unsubscribing. A powerful and user-friendly administration control panel allows you to send messages, list and delete subscribers, supports HTML emails, gives a preview of the message before sending, logging system, Multilanguage support for English, French, Italian and German, plus a user-friendly web configuration and installation system.

46) Web-based Image Management System!
This hot web-based image management system is written in PHP and uses MySQL. It features cataloguing by standard comment fields or Photoshop-type embedded comment fields, sub-categorizing into separate repositories, database searching capability, and more. This is a great script!

47) Web-based POP Email Client!
This script is a web-based POP mail client and is very simple to install but nevertheless a quite advanced program. Some of its features include easy to install (does not require PHP to be compiled with IMAP support), reads and sends attachments, displays text/HTML attachments in-line (while still giving you the option of saving them to your hard drive), all the basic functions (send, receive, reply, reply to all, forward, delete), view all headers or the full source of the email, works even if the user has disabled cookies, localized date field, translated into several languages, can be set up to check for new messages automatically, customizable page layout, and more. Awesome Script!

48) Hot Fully Featured Web Portal System
This script is a web portal System for any webmaster; you can set it up as a storytelling software, news system, online community or whatever you want your site to be. Port the system to your local language and customize every aspect of this remarkable script. Each user can submit comments to discuss the articles, similar to Slashdot, only faster and more secure. Features include a web based admin, surveys, top page and access stats, user customizable box, friendly admin GUI with graphic topic manager, option to edit or delete stories, moderation system, customizable HTML blocks, user password encryption and retrieval, search engine, backend/headlines generation, and more. Written in PHP and requires Apache, PHP and MySQL; the over-riding development philosophy for the software is performance, privacy and security.

49) Nice FFA Link's Page Script
Out of all the basic FFA (Free for All) links page scripts I have seen I actually like this one. This script allows visitors to add links to your page in a specified category and it is quite, if not super, easy to install and the administration area supports the deleting of existing links. FFA Link's pages are a great way to look established and keep your visitors coming back to your website again and again.

50) Highly Advanced Guestbook Script
This highly advanced guestbook script is written in PHP and uses MySQL. It includes many useful features such as preview, templates, email notification, picture upload, page spanning, HTML tags handling, smilies, advanced guestbook codes, language support and it has a great interface to seal the deal. The admin area lets you modify, view and delete messages which gives the owner extra control.

51) Powerful Portal with Content Management
This script is highly customizable and high powered all in one system; it provides content management combined with the power of a portal by including in the core package modules features such as FAQ, polls, and forums. This script uses dynamic-template-design which means you have the power to control what your site will look like. Themes are included, but not required as you can create the page however you want and this script will just insert code wherever you want it. Written in PHP and utilizing MySQL to make it amazingly fast and secure, this script is a great solution for all size website communities.

52) PHP Online Classifieds Script
This classifieds script is an easy way to set up a classified ads website; it is designed in such a way that it is extremely easy to change the look and feel of your website. You can design your pages around the functionality of the application. Although this script does give you a lot of control over the look and feel of the site, it lacks an interface for advanced administration features. However all the administration can be done through an interface such as phpMyAdmin. If you know how to use phpMyAdmin or a similar application and are familiar with relational databases, it should be really easy to administer categories and users, etc.

53) Fully Featured Web Event Calendar
This is a customizable web calendar developed using PHP and powered by MySQL. The calendar is viewed in month format with a popup window detailing the events of each day as they are clicked on. The title and colors are fully customizable within a single file and the application can be modified to work with other database types.

54) A PHP Bookmarks/Favorites Script
This PHP Bookmarks script is a web-based program that allows you to store your bookmarks and display them in many useful ways. This script will sort your bookmarks with usability in mind, keeping often-used bookmarks at your fingertips. It has a bookmark search, private/public bookmarks, nested groups, usage rankings, popularity sorting, and a quick add feature.

55) Client Invoicing Script (HOT)
This is a MySQL powered PHP program for invoicing clients so they can view/download invoices. The system allows an administrator to enter the client details and invoices. Each client must be given a username and password to login to view their invoices and the administrator can view the full database by client, date, amount etc. There is an optional email notification system and full setup instructions included.

56) ICQ Pager Script
This script enables you to put a ICQ pager form on one or more of your web site pages; the visitors to your website then can use this form to send a short message to any ICQ user. A cool script that will keep your visitors coming and coming over and over again.

57) Frequently Asked Questions Management Script
This cool script allows you to administer a website's frequently asked questions. It blends easily with your site, allows unlimited category depth, is searchable and allows questions to be in multiple categories. And optional user question submission option is available, along with most recently added and most popular lists.

58) ClickBank "Thank You" Page Protector Script
This is a fully automated "Thank You Page Script" which is much more powerful than a Static HTML Page. This System will verify whether your buyer is forwarded from ClickBank after payment, order Details including the ClickBank "Receipt #" will be displayed on your Thank You page, this System will collect the name and email address of your buyer, a sales report will be sent to you Instantly, a Thank You message will be sent to your buyer without any delay, it adds the buyer to your Autoresponder System so that follow-up emails will be sent to promote your other products, the whole system is fully automated and easy to customize with any text editor. With this script you don't have to send a thank you message to your buyer manually, you don't have to add them to your customer database yourself, you don't have to send them promotional emails manually to promote other products, you don't have to worry about getting repeated sales and you don't have to worry about ebook and software Hackers.

59) MySQL Database Backup Perl Script
With so many scripts in this package using MySQL databases, I only thought it be fitting to add a script that would easily allow you to make backups of them. But this script can be used anywhere you have a MySQL database and Perl is supported, this script will save your skin over and over again.

60) CGI-Based Autoresponder Script
This script is very easy to install and in less than 10 minutes you can have it up and running which could be the reason it is the number one choice of website owners who want to take control of their online operations. It has highly advanced features that every autoresponder script should have. With this script you can send an unlimited number of follow-up emails and send follow-up emails everyday if you want (some autoresponder scripts allow you only 20 follow-up emails). This script also works on an unlimited number of subscribers and it will work great even if you have 100 or 1 million subscribers.

61) Fully Featured PHP Message Boards Script
This is a fully featured message board system and is meant to be both powerful and easy to use for the users and the administrator. With this script you can setup an online message board community which is sure to keep your visitors coming back again and again and is especially useful for people to ask support questions for your members to answer for free

62) PHP "Submit-A-Link" Style Script
This "Submit-A-Link" style script gives you the ability to offer instant links on your site. Your ads appear above and below the links and also on the submit page. You only need to edit one file and upload which makes this script very easy to use. This script also doubles as an opt in list! When anyone submit their link they give you permission to send them email. All email addresses are stored in one .txt file, making it very easy for you to add the emails to your current email program/newsletter script!

63) USENET News Client
This PHP script is a USENET news client based totally on a web interface and written in PHP4 with a MySQL database at its backend which allows you to develop useful tools such as search engines, SPAM filters, subscriptions, stats, and much more. The web interface of the "news group" script is very easy to use, and has all the advantages of the modern webmail systems because you can search through any news group anywhere in the world without the need of setting up any program.

64) PHP Image to ASCII Generator This is a PHP program that generates ASCII images from JPG, GIF or PNG images. There are several options to alter the generated output, such as color, inversed color, font sizes, background color, line height or letter spacing only to name a few. So if you are looking to generate ASCII images from regular jpg, gif or png images, look no further as this is definitely the PHP script for you and will get the job done.

65) MySQL-Based Office Intranet Suite
This hot script is a PHP and MySQL-Based office intranet suite similar to other more expensive scripts. It includes a news page, calendar (WebCalendar), rolodex, contact log, network status page, task list, time sheet, office survey, and more. All-in-all this is a great script and will be very useful for those who are looking an office intranet solution.

66) Another PHP Web FTP Program This tool can be used to access FTP sites from behind any firewall or proxy. Simply enter the server name (e.g. ftp.ebay.com), username and password or click the anonymous button and enter your e-mail address. The script will make a FTP connection from the server it is running from. When the file is fetched from the FTP server, it will send it to the browser via the HTTP protocol.

67) PHP Based Image Watermarking Script This script aims to provide a simple way of marking an image with a digital "watermark" to prevent unauthorized use. It is implemented as a PHP class and should be usable inside most PHP scripts. Images are accepted either as a filename or as a reference to a PHP resource.

68) Nice Looking PHP-based eCard Script/Website This script is a PHP-based eCard system that is easy to setup and use. The simple Administration Console allows the administrator to upload images (JPEG's or GIF's), add eCard categories, and modify existing settings - no more messing with HTML or PHP to get your eCard site up and running and comes with a nice looking template design to close the deal.

69) A Simple Document Management System This script uses PHP to provide you with a great interface to a MySQL server that allows you to store and retrieve documents and to share those documents between users. In addition, the system uses ACL (Access Control Lists) to grant access rights to documents on a per-user basis. It allows you to distribute project documentation on a need-to-know basis, whilst keeping a central repository of documents that is accessible to all team members and easy to manage.

70) PHP-based Instant Photo Gallery Script This script is a tool for posting customizable, template based galleries, by simply uploading images to the server the script is running on. The script scans the directory you point it to (via a query string), and then it stores the list of images it retrieves in an array that is POSTED from page to page as the user moves through the gallery. This method of file-list-passing makes this script significantly more efficient than gallery tools that scan image directories each time they generate a page.

71) Anchor Tag Creator Script This nifty little script pre-processes HTML before displaying it to the browser locating user-defined keywords in the HTML string (or plain text for that matter), and subsequently replacing the keywords with anchor tags of user-defined URL's. Pre-defined 'template' anchor tags are available for Google.com searches or Dictionary.com lookups. This script takes care that no replacement inside an HTML tag is made and also avoids matching keywords which were found inside of a pre-existing anchor tag’s text. With this script your website vistors experiences are enhanced by providing links to dictionary definitions, web searches or any user-defined URL's. And whats even better is that web content developers are provided with a simple way to link keywords without having to manually create all those anchor tags.

72) CGI Customer Tracking System Script You can now let your customers submit their request/questions and you will get email notifications in order to respond to your customers. A simple and colorful way of tracking customer requests with an easily configurable customer request form. A sort on customer, status of ticket, date submitted and even agents is available.

73) Advanced Photo/Image Gallery Script This PHP & MySQL based photo album features include unlimited albums and photos, users and comments, automatically add and remove photos, thumbnail support, multilanguage and themes.

74) Awesome PHP-Based Chatroom Script This easy to install, simple to handle, cross-browser compatible chat system comes with its own socket server. If you have a modern browser with frame support and JavaScript enabled, it makes use of these technologies; if you have an older browser, have JavaScript disabled, or even a text browser, you can still chat using this script. In contrary to many other PHP/MySQL webchats, this script can (but must not) be run using a non-forking socketserver to handle all message transport.

75) PHP Counter Hosting Script/Website This script is a complete counter hosting tool. It lets you offer counter service to others from your site. Your members don't need any PHP-support on their webserver, they just pass the required data through JavaScript to another script that is hosted on your server. It supports IP-check with timeout, show online-users, visitor-paths, download-count, multi-page count, email-notification, admin-mode to create/del users, request new password, visitors per day, search-function and a mailing list.

76) Perl Visitor Welcome Script
With this handy little perl script you can welcome your visitors depending on the time of day. The greeting text can be modified and is inserted by SSI. Features include the ability to greet the visitor depending upon the time of day, ability to insert the script by SSI, greeting words can be adapted freely, time offset between local time and server time can be adjusted.

77) Website Indexing and Searching Script
This sophisticated, powerful, versatile, customizable and effective site indexing/searching suite comes as a pair of distinct scripts. The indexer automatically scans and indexes a web site, and the search engine, a cgi script that serves search queries for keywords over the index, displays results pages in HTML, in a standard format including title, description and relevance ranking for each matching document.

78) PHP-Based Help Desk Script
With this script you can own your ticket based help desk system that allows you to completely manage and answer your clients questions with speed in ease. Messages are archived so you can refer back to questions when they are the related which will greatly reduce the time you have to spend managing your business.

79) Complete PHP Bug Tracking Script
This highly-usable PHP and MySQL based script is an easily deployable, web based bug tracker to aid in product bug tracking. Features include easy installation, platform independent, supports multiple projects and languages, emailing, searching and more. This script is a great thing to have if you are developing scripts or real-life projects and want a way for your users to submit bugs and for you to keep track.

80) Document Management System
This super script expertly programmed in PHP is a web based document management system designed to comply with ISO 17025 and OIE standard for document management. It features fine grained control of access to files, and automated install and upgrades.

81) Banner Management and Tracking System
This powerful script is a banner management and tracking system written in PHP; it can manage multiple banners (any size) per advertiser and allows you to view daily, overall and summary statistics plus send statistics to advertisers via email.

82) Web Form Generator Script
This script is an easy-to-use tool to create reliable and efficient web forms and the best part is that absolutely no programming of any sort is required and it has the ability to create up to 100 different form fields plus can add a variety of field types including text boxes, drop down selection and more.

83) Directory Indexer Written in PHP
This PHP script makes a table that lists the files in a directory and lets you access the files and subdirectories. It includes searching, icons for each file type, an anti-leech feature, bandwidth limiting, access logging, and more.

84) Web-based Reservation System
A web-based reservation system that allows administered management of reservations on any number of resources. Typical applications are room or machine reservation management.

85) PHP Online Project Management Script
You can now have online project management with team collaboration, user management, multiple access levels, tasks, projects, and time tracking, task change history, files approval tracking, notes, client project sites and more with this super useful script that can really help

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2008-05-31T07:07:00.000-07:00

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2008-05-24T07:18:00.001-07:00

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2008-05-21T05:07:00.000-07:00

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Class XII Exam Results 2008 - Announced on 21st May 2008 at 08:00 Hrs. IST

2008-05-20T21:37:00.000-07:00

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2008-05-20T21:34:00.001-07:00

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VHSE Results 2008&DHSE Exam Results 2008

2008-05-14T03:58:00.000-07:00

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2008-05-13T03:50:00.000-07:00

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Electric power transmission

2008-04-27T06:39:00.000-07:00

Electric power transmission

"Power line" redirects here. For the conservative U.S. blog, see Power Line. For the telecommunication technology, see Power line communication."Power grid" redirects here. For the board game, see Power Grid (board game).

Electric power transmission, a process in the delivery of electricity to consumers, is the bulk transfer of electrical power. Typically, power transmission is between the power plant and a substation near a populated area. Electricity distribution is the delivery from the substation to the consumers. Electric power transmission allows distant energy sources (such as hydroelectric power plants) to be connected to consumers in population centers, and may allow exploitation of low-grade fuel resources that would otherwise be too costly to transport to generating facilities.
Due to the large amount of power involved, transmission normally takes place at high voltage (110 kV or above). Electricity is usually transmitted over long distance through overhead power transmission lines. Underground power transmission is used only in densely populated areas due to its high cost of installation and maintenance, and because the high reactive power produces large charging currents and difficulties in voltage management.A power transmission system is sometimes referred to colloquially as a "grid"; however, for reasons of economy, the network is not a mathematical grid. Redundant paths and lines are provided so that power can be routed from any power plant to any load center, through a variety of routes, based on the economics of the transmission path and the cost of power. Much analysis is done by transmission companies to determine the maximum reliable capacity of each line, which, due to system stability considerations, may be less than the physical or thermal limit of the line. Deregulation of electricity companies in many countries has led to renewed interest in reliable economic design of transmission networks. However, in some places the gaming of a deregulated energy system has led to disaster, such as that which occurred during the California electricity crisis of 2000 and 2001.

AC power transmission

AC power transmission is the transmission of electric power by alternating current. Usually transmission lines use three phase AC current. Single phase AC current is sometimes used in a railway electrification system. In urban areas, trains may be powered by DC at 600 volts or so.Overhead conductors are not covered by insulation. The conductor material is nearly always an aluminum alloy, made into several strands and possibly reinforced with steel strands. Conductors are a commodity supplied by several companies worldwide. Improved conductor material and shapes are regularly used to allow increased capacity and modernize transmission circuits. Conductor sizes in overhead transmission work range in size from #6 American wire gauge (about 12 square millimetres) to 1,590,000 circular mils area (about 750 square millimetres), with varying resistance and current-carrying capacity. Thicker wires would lead to a relatively small increase in capacity due to the skin effect, that causes most of the current to flow close to the surface of the wire.Today, transmission-level voltages are usually considered to be 110 kV and above. Lower voltages such as 66 kV and 33 kV are usually considered sub-transmission voltages but are occasionally used on long lines with light loads. Voltages less than 33 kV are usually used for distribution. Voltages above 230 kV are considered extra high voltage and require different designs compared to equipment used at lower voltages.Overhead transmission lines are uninsulated wire, so design of these lines requires minimum clearances to be observed to maintain safety.

Bulk power transmission

Engineers design transmission networks to transport the energy as efficiently as feasible, while at the same time taking into account economic factors, network safety and redundancy. These networks use components such as power lines, cables, circuit breakers, switches and transformers.

A transmission substation decreases the voltage of electricity coming in allowing it to connect from long distance, high voltage transmission, to local, lower voltage, distribution. It also rerouts power to other transmission lines that serve local markets. The substation may also "reboost" power allowing it to travel greater distances from the power generation source along the high voltage transmission lines.This is the PacifiCorp Hale Substation, Orem, Utah.Transmission efficiency is improved by increasing the voltage using a step-up transformer, which reduces the current in the conductors, while keeping the power transmitted nearly equal to the power input. The reduced current flowing through the conductor reduces the losses in the conductor and since, according to Joule's Law, the losses are proportional to the square of the current, halving the current makes the transmission loss one quarter the original value.A transmission grid is a network of power stations, transmission circuits, and substations. Energy is usually transmitted within the grid with three-phase AC. DC systems require relatively costly conversion equipment which may be economically justified for particular projects. Single phase AC is used only for distribution to end users since it is not usable for large polyphase induction motors. In the 19th century two-phase transmission was used, but required either three wires with unequal currents or four wires. Higher order phase systems require more than three wires, but deliver marginal benefits.The capital cost of electric power stations is so high, and electric demand is so variable, that it is often cheaper to import some portion of the variable load than to generate it locally. Because nearby loads are often correlated (hot weather in the Southwest portion of the United States might cause many people there to turn on their air conditioners), imported electricity must often come from far away. Because of the economics of load balancing, transmission grids now span across countries and even large portions of continents. The web of interconnections between power producers and consumers ensures that power can flow even if a few links are inoperative.The unvarying (or slowly varying over many hours) portion of the electric demand is known as the "base load", and is generally served best by large facilities (and therefore efficient due to economies of scale) with low variable costs for fuel and operations, i.e. nuclear, coal, hydro. Renewables such as solar, wind, ocean/tidal, etc. are not considered "base load" but can still add power to the grid. Smaller- and higher-cost sources are then added as needed.Long-distance transmission of electricity (thousands of miles) is cheap and efficient, with costs of US$ 0.005 to 0.02 per kilowatt-hour (compared to annual averaged large producer costs of US$ 0.01 to US$ 0.025 per kilowatt-hour, retail rates upwards of US$ 0.10 per kilowatt-hour, and multiples of retail for instantaneous suppliers at unpredicted highest demand moments). Thus distant suppliers can be cheaper than local sources (e.g. New York City buys a lot of electricity from Canada). Multiple local sources (even if more expensive and infrequently used) can make the transmission grid more fault tolerant to weather and other disasters that can disconnect distant suppliers.Long distance transmission allows remote renewable energy resources to be used to displace fossil fuel consumption. Hydro and wind sources can't be moved closer to high population cities, and solar costs are lowest in remote areas where local power needs are the least. Connection costs alone can determine whether any particular renewable alternative is economically sensible. Costs can be prohibitive for transmission lines.

Grid input

At the generating plants the energy is produced at a relatively low voltage of up to 30 kV (Grigsby, 2001, p. 4-4), then stepped up by the power station transformer to a higher voltage (115 kV to 765 kV AC, ± 250-500 kV DC, varying by country) for transmission over long distances to grid exit points (substations).

Losses

Transmitting electricity at high voltage reduces the fraction of energy lost to Joule heating. For a given amount of power, a higher voltage reduces the current and thus the resistive losses in the conductor. For example, raising the voltage by a factor of 10 reduces the current by a corresponding factor of 10 and therefore the losses by a factor of 100, provided the same sized conductors are used in both cases. Even if the conductor size is reduced x10 to match the lower current the losses are still reduced x10. Long distance transmission is typically done with overhead lines at voltages of 115 to 1,200 kV. However, at extremely high voltages, more than 2,000 kV between conductor and ground, corona discharge losses are so large that they can offset the lower resistance loss in the line conductors.Transmission and distribution losses in the USA were estimated at 7.2% in 1995 [2], and in the UK at 7.4% in 1998. [3]As of 1980, the longest cost-effective distance for electricity was 4,000 miles (7,000 km), although all present transmission lines are considerably shorter. (see Present Limits of High-Voltage Transmission)In an alternating current transmission line, the inductance and capacitance of the line conductors can be significant. The currents that flow in these components of transmission line impedance constitute reactive power, which transmits no energy to the load. Reactive current flow causes extra losses in the transmission circuit. The ratio of real power (transmitted to the load) to apparent power is the power factor. As reactive current increases, the reactive power increases and the power factor decreases. For systems with low power factors, losses are higher than for systems with high power factors. Utilities add capacitor banks and other components throughout the system — such as phase-shifting transformers, static VAR compensators, and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) — to control reactive power flow for reduction of losses and stabilization of system voltage.
Electrical power is always partially lost by transmission. This applies to short distances such as between components on a printed circuit board as well as to cross country high voltage lines. The major component of power loss is due to ohmic losses in the conductors and is equal to the product of the resistance of the wire and the square of the current: For a system which delivers a power, P, at unity power factor at a particular voltage, V, the current flowing through the cables is given by . Thus, the power lost in the lines, Therefore, the power lost is proportional to the resistance and inversely proportional to the square of the voltage. A higher transmission voltage reduces the current and thus the power lost during transmission.In addition, a low resistance is desirable in the cable. While copper cable could be used, aluminium alloy is preferred due to its much better conductivity to weight ratio making it lighter to support, as well as its lower cost. The aluminium is normally mechanically supported on a steel core.

HVDC

High voltage direct current (HVDC) is used to transmit large amounts of power over long distances or for interconnections between asynchronous grids. When electrical energy is required to be transmitted over very long distances, it can be more economical to transmit using direct current instead of alternating current. For a long transmission line, the value of the smaller losses, and reduced construction cost of a DC line, can offset the additional cost of converter stations at each end of the line. Also, at high AC voltages significant (although economically acceptable) amounts of energy are lost due to corona discharge, the capacitance between phases or, in the case of buried cables, between phases and the soil or water in which the cable is buried.HVDC links are sometimes used to stabilize against control problems with the AC electricity flow. In other words, to transmit AC power as AC when needed in either direction between Seattle and Boston would require the (highly challenging) continuous real-time adjustment of the relative phase of the two electrical grids. With HVDC instead the interconnection would: (1) Convert AC in Seattle into HVDC. (2) Use HVDC for the three thousand miles of cross country transmission. Then (3) convert the HVDC to locally synchronized AC in Boston, and optionally in other cooperating cities along the transmission route. One prominent example of such a transmission line is the Pacific DC Intertie located in the Western United States.

Grid exit

At the substations, transformers are again used to step the voltage down to a lower voltage for distribution to commercial and residential users. This distribution is accomplished with a combination of sub-transmission (33 kV to 115 kV, varying by country and customer requirements) and distribution (3.3 to 25 kV). Finally, at the point of use, the energy is transformed to low voltage (100 to 600 V, varying by country and customer requirements).

Limitations

The amount of power that can be sent over a transmission line is limited. The origins of the limits vary depending on the length of the line. For a short line, the heating of conductors due to line losses sets a "thermal" limit. If too much current is drawn, conductors may sag too close to the ground, or conductors and equipment may be damaged by overheating. For intermediate-length lines on the order of 100 km (60 miles), the limit is set by the voltage drop in the line. For longer AC lines, system stability sets the limit to the power that can be transferred. Approximately, the power flowing over an AC line is proportional to the sine of the phase angle between the receiving and transmitting ends. Since this angle varies depending on system loading and generation, it is undesirable for the angle to approach 90 degrees. Very approximately, the allowable product of line length and maximum load is proportional to the square of the system voltage. Series capacitors or phase-shifting transformers are used on long lines to improve stability. High-voltage direct current lines are restricted only by thermal and voltage drop limits, since the phase angle is not material to their operation.

Communications

Operators of long transmission lines require reliable communications for control of the power grid and, often, associated generation and distribution facilities. Fault-sensing protection relays at each end of the line must communicate to monitor the flow of power into and out of the protected line section so that faulted conductors or equipment can be quickly de-energized and the balance of the system restored. Protection of the transmission line from short circuits and other faults is usually so critical that common carrier telecommunications are insufficiently reliable. In remote areas a common carrier may not be available at all.

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Networking Computer Systems

2008-04-16T00:27:00.000-07:00

Networking Computer SystemsUsing Ethernet

Trash networking means 'Ethernet'
Networking is a complex subject – although it needn't be. For example, a large corporate network might link hundreds or thousands of networked workstations, all communicating and sharing data through a series of large buildings. But if you only want to link two to twenty systems you needn't get bogged down in the minutiae of how networks operate.
There are many different networking standards in use – each internationally agreed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). For linking PCs, the easiest option is to use 'Ethernet' (see box, below). There's plenty of old equipment in circulation, and even new equipment isn't prohibitively expensive to obtain.

Using Ethernet requires that each system be fitted with a 'network interface card', or NIC. The NIC allows the PC to communicate with the network. If the PC doesn't have this already, you'll have to fit one. The thing to beware of here is the type of card you can get hold of (whether it's an ISA slot or PCI slot card). Also, the speed the card operates at (see discussion on speed in relation to hubs below). Check the the hardware compatibility data for your Linux distribution to see which NICs are supported.
With the older 'thinnet' system, PCs were connected together in a long cable or 'bus', one to the next. Simple, but the RG-58 cables are expensive to buy (because they're not so much these days), and the BNC connectors are a pain to fit. Thinnet also has problems when there are a lot of machines using the network at once. For this reason we prefer to use 'twisted pair'. Twisted pair cable is easier to get hold of, the connectors are a lot easier to fit. On UTP networks, cabling faults in the system are less likely to bring the whole network down – only one machine is affected rather than isolating a whole block of clients.
The other component you need is a hub. The hub connects the systems together, one hub port/UTP cable per client. The role of the hub is to manage the movement of data over the network. Hubs are rated according to speed. There are a lot of old 10Base-T '10-meg' hubs around. Most new 100Base-T '100-meg' hubs are dual speed, and will work at the speed of the NIC connected to the hub. If you only have old 10-meg NICs, then a 10-meg hub will be OK. But it's a waste of resources to use a lot of 100-meg NICs (most 100-meg NICs are dual speed too) on a network with a 10-meg hub – upgrade to a 100-meg dual speed hub instead.

Networks and operating systems
To run a network you need a server. This controls the network, and organises the network services that the clients on the network use. You have two options: use a proprietary system, or use Gnu/Linux. Proprietary systems are usually additional to the operating systems, whilst with Linux all the required software comes as standard with the Linux distribution.
Proprietary network systems, like Microsoft's Windows NT/Windows Server, or Novell's Netware, can be obtained from computer fairs. But to remain legal you not only have to have a valid license for the program – you also have sufficient client licenses to cover the maximum number of systems that you intend to connect to your network. So, as well as hitting you for the software license, they also tax the connection of machines to the network.
Gnu/Linux doesn't have these problems. As a Unix clone, it's designed for networking systems together – in fact, it so desperately wants to network that in the absence of a network it will even network with itself using a 'loopback interface'.
Most of the major Linux distributions (see Salvage Server Project Report 1) have built in networking capabilities, but some are better than others. Red Hat is a really good server system, but it's better suited to text-based/command line configuration. SuSE Linux, with it's YaST configuration system, is excellent for less experienced Linux users because of its graphical network configuration tools.
In this report we're assuming that you've got a system installed with Gnu/Linux. Rather than discuss the precise details of configuration (as it's slightly different with different distributions) we'll outline the main principles of network configuration. However, specific parts of this process, like configuring network services, will be tackled as separate Salvage Server Project Reports.

More ambitious networks
Networking a few computers together is relatively easy. But problems will arise when you want to get more ambitious, such as when you want to add more servers for specific tasks, or you want all the systems on the network to share an Internet connection (see diagram right). Simple networks consist of just a hub and PCs. But as the network grows you will need to modify the way the network hardware is organised.
Most likely, you'll want to connect to the Internet. This means that you will have to configure some sort of router/firewall system to manage the flow of data from the network into the phone line/broadband connection. This can be done from the server, but it is very complex. For this reason we'd advise people to use a dedicated machine as a firewall. This can be installed with Linux and configured manually. But what's far easier is to use a very old machine (e.g., a '486 DX4 or an early Pentium-1 P60-P100) installed with Smoothwall. This has a simple installation and maintenance interface that's easy to use for the less geeky Linux user. Installing/using Smoothwall will be the subject of a future Salvage Server Project Report.
Most hubs come as 4-, 5-, 8-, 16- or 24-port units. When you fill all the ports available on the hub you have to get a larger hub, or get a second hub and 'daisy-chain' it. Most hubs have a special port, or a port with a switch beside it, that allow you to plug that port into a port on your main hub. The port then acts as a sort of extension socket for the main hub.
When hubs send data over the network, they send it across all the cables connected to the hub. On networks with lots of machines, or where you have a special server that works with only a few other machines on the network, this can cause a lot of congestion. In these situations you can create small sub-sections within the network using a 'switch' to manage network congestion.
The switch looks and works like a hub. But it monitors network addresses and will route data for the machines connected to it through its own ports. This allows you to manage traffic between different areas of the network without the need to physically split the network using a router. Only data meant for other machines on the network gets routed back to the hub. This helps control congestion on the network. It also means you can set up small areas on the network where people can work at high capacity with servers, or network resources like printers, without drawing down the capacity of the whole network.
Cabling the network
Cabling the network requires a little thought. Firstly, you're going to need one cable for each machine – with sufficient length to snake around from its location to the hub. You can buy network cables of varying lengths from 1 metre up to 100 metres. But the cheapest option if you need quite a few cables is to buy some crimps and RJ-45 connectors and make your own (see box below).
There are restrictions on cabling-up Ethernet networks: Cables should be a minimum of 1 metre long, and a maximum of 100 metres long – in general, the longer the cable runs the more power your hub will have to pump into the network to keep things running.
For 100-meg networks, the cable and the connectors must be rated as 'Category-5' or 'UTP Cat-5' – the old 'Cat-3' cable/connectors are not of sufficient quality to reliably transfer data, especially when the network is busy.
Avoid a large number of tight coils if gathering up cable as this can impede the flow of data (the cable forms a coil which dampens the flow of current).
Avoid running the cables along side mains wiring or electrical ring mains because the Ethernet cables may induce electrical noise that can interfere with radios, stereos and other sensitive equipment connected to that circuit.
If daisy chaining hubs and switches, don't string out more than three hubs/switches in a row – use another port on the main hub to increase capacity instead.
The other problem you may have is with electrical noise. Electric motors, large transformers, power supplies and switchgear/power relays create magnetic fields that can induce or dampen the current flow in the cable. With excessive electrical noise you may find that data transfer is slowed, or is impossible. In these situations you should use the more expensive 'shielded twisted pair' (STP) cable to cut-down the level of interference.
If the cables are installed, and left in-situ, then they should pose no problem. Problems will occur where cables are regularly plugged, unplugged, and moved around. The small clip on the RJ-45 connector is very brittle and can easily be broken off after a long period of repeated unplugging. In these situations just cut off the connector and crimp another on. The metal in the wires within the UTP cable is also very soft – in order to make them flexible. However, repeated bending into tight curves, or stretching the length of the cable, can lead to deformation and eventual breaking of the wire. In these situations, after checking to be sure that the cable is faulty, you'll have to junk the cable and get a new one.
The important thing when cabling any network is to leave slack in all the cables, including the power cable for the hubs/switches. This will ensure that if caught, the cables are not stretched and/or pulled out of their sockets. It's also important to plug the hub power supply into a power socket that's not likely to be unplugged or turned off. If necessary, label the power supply and any switches to ensure that they are not turned-off/removed by accident.
'Thin client' networks
As servers and networks become more powerful, rather than having a very powerful workstations, system engineers run software on the server and have a less powerful terminal to allow the user to access their programs. These systems are called 'thin clients'.
In the trash tech. world, thin clients are also used. Old, less powerful computers can be configured as thin clients, accessing programs on the server at higher speed than if they were run locally. Whilst there's nothing wrong in theory with this model, from an engineering point of view such a model has a 'single point of failure'. If your server goes down, then nothing happens anywhere on the network.
For this reason, especially where there may not be immediate support to repair/reconfigure the server, thin clients should be used with caution. In our view, it's better to have some old machines doing basic functions, like word processing or accessing the Internet, rather than trading off the additional speed in return for a less secure system.
IP numbering and dynamic numbering (DHCP)
Networks use the same type of numbering as the Internet – the 'Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol' (TCP/IP) system. IP numbers are made of 4 bytes – 32 binary digits. To make this more human-friendly these are presented as four decimal numbers – e.g. 192.168.67.1.
To ensure that the numbering of the LAN doesn't conflict with the Internet, there are 'reserved numbers' that should be used to number your network. The number depends upon the type network you are creating: 'Class A' networks – numbers 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 – 16.7 million possible numbers, for use on large networks.
'Class B' network – numbers 172.16.0.0 to 17.31.255.255 – 1 million possible numbers, for use on medium sized networks.
'Class C' networks – numbers 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 – 65,536 possible numbers, for use on smaller networks.
Small networks are 'Class C'. IP addresses are used in blocks of 256 numbers. Therefore you would select 192.168.1.X or 102.168.2.X, etc. The 'X' refers to the 'subnet' of numbers, running from 0 to 255 (256 numbers in total). Each subnet has a 'network address' (the server) and a 'broadcast address' (used to contact all clients). Usually, you also have a 'gateway' address where the subnet access other networks or the Internet. So in any subnet there are a possible 252 IP numbers that we can use to connect client machines to the network.
Along with the IP number, there is also a 'netmask'. This is another 4 byte binary number that is used to control how the IP number is interpreted. On any network, the netmask can be used to 'mask' the selection of IP numbers by the NICs. This allows the block of 256 number to be split into smaller networks of 2, 6, 14, 30, 62 or 126 numbers. To do this you have to set up gateways or routers to manage communications between the subnets, and for this reason it's rather complex. Unless you've a good reason to split into smaller subnets, small networks nearly all use the entire block of 256 numbers. Therefore the netmask that you use will be 255.255.255.0.
When planning a network you have to decide the numbering of the server and any clients. By default (although you can change them) the main network addresses are: Server – 192.168.X.1.
Gateway – 192.168.X.254.
Broadcast – 192.168.X.255.
The client machines can have fixed IP addresses. If you use fixed addresses you have to set these individually for each client, and ensure that IP addresses do not conflict with each other. On a small network of a few machines this is not a problem. But as you increase the number of machines it can increase the amount of work if you ever need to reconfigure the network numbering scheme. For this reason larger networks allocate numbers dynamically using the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) service (the 'dhcpd daemon').
DHCP works as part of the server system. It listens to requests from machines as they boot up, and allocates them an IP number to use. The number allocated are fixed as a range in the configuration file for the DHCP program. For example, if the addresses 192.168.X.100 to 192.168.X.199 are set as the range, it means that DHCP can log on up to 100 machines to the network. DHCP is also useful where people may bring their own computers to your network. Most operating systems automatically configure the use of DHCP so that the system can be logged on to any network that it is connected to.

Domain names and DNS
The Internet uses names to identify different machines. The same can be done on a LAN to allow people to access the functions of a LAN more easily. Also, on a LAN that uses DHCP, often it's easier to use names than numbers because you won't always know what the network numbering scheme is.
Each network can be given a domain name. For example, 'mynetwork.lan'. The purpose of this is to provide a general name to which host names – the names that identify specific machines or services – can be added. For example, if we ran an Intranet to provide a local web service, this could be called 'www.mynetwork.lan'. Note that the '.lan' part is not necessary – but it's very useful yo identify services that form part of the local area network from those of other connected networks or the Internet.
This is implemented via a 'domain name server' (DNS). The DNS system, called Bind, is provided by a daemon, called named, that runs on the network server, or some other server than can be contacted from the LAN. It receives DNS requests from the network for: Forward resolution – turning names into IP numbers.
Reverse resolution – turning IP numbers into names.
To create a DNS server you have to create some files. First you need to edit the files that control the operation of Bind. Then you have to create 'zone files' that provide the details required to provide DNS services. The 'forward zone' files provide the information the hosts that are identified with a particular domain, and the numbers that they respond to. The 'reverse zone' files list the IP numbers, within the local subnet, that identify particular machines.
DNS can be quite complex to set up, and the process varies from distribution to distribution. For this reason it will be covered in greater detail in another Salvage Server Project Report.Sharing printers and files
Linux systems, even clients, operate printers via a 'queue'. Print jobs are received and queued. The printer daemon continually monitors the queue, and when it finds a job waiting, it passes it on to the printer. This means that to create a networked printer you create a print queue on the server, and then set up printer queues on the clients that point or 'forward' to the queue on the server.
The information that you have to supply to the client is the name of the print queue and the type of printer. The name is usually in the form 'printer@server.lan'. You then set the printer information locally in order to ensure that the format of the data sent to the queue is correct for that type of printer. You then give a name to the remote queue in order to differentiate it from other printers that you might configure on the client. You can configure a printer locally, connected directly to the client, in addition to one or more networked printers.
The other main use of a network is to share files. For Linux machines, the simplest way of sharing files is a Networked file System (NFS). NFS reads information from a file called 'exports' (most distributions give you a graphical program to configure this file) that specifies which directories within the local file system will be made available over the network. Each line of the file also allows control over which machines have access, and whether that access is read/write or read-only.
At the client end, NFS requires that you create a directory to form the mount point of the exported directory. The file that controls the mounting of file systems, 'fstab', is then modified to mount the networked directories when the client machine boots up. If you want to connect Windows-based clients to the network you have to configure the Samba service. This is similar to NFS. However, the results can vary depending upon which version of Windows you are using. Sometimes problems with the Windows registry can block full network access. Also, the Samba system requires complex configuration in order to establish Windows 'shares' on the server, and to connect networked printers.
The other option for file transfer is File Transfer Protocol (FTP). This is a service that allows the movement of files between one machine and another using an FTP program. There are two forms of FTP: User-based FTP, which allows file to be moved to a specific user account, and which is password protected for security.
Anonymous FTP, which allows anyone to download/upload files.
How this is configured depends upon the FTP daemon you use. If you use wu-ftpd, just activating the service enables user-based FTP, but not anonymous FTP. If you use pure-ftp, that if configured to automatically provide anonymous FTP, but must be configured for user-based FTP. Configuration details are usually provided with the documentation that accompanies the daemon program.
FTP is useful because it's more efficient at moving huge files than NFS. So if users back-up their data to the server, FTP can provide a quick and easy alternative to NFS. FTP is also useful for Windows machines that don't have access to the network using Samba. Even though the Windows machine is not properly logged onto the network, it still has access to the basic TCP/IP services. This means that the machine can move data on and off its hard disk to the server using FTP.

Intranets and mail
An Intranet, or local web server, is very simple to set up. All you do is install the Apache web server, enable the service, and straight away you should be able to access the test page. All you need do then is replace the test pages with your own web site in order to run your Intranet.
Of course, operating a proper Intranet requires a lot more thought and editing of configuration files. In particular, if you want to use local search engines, or other web based tools, you will have to enable these individually and edit the configuration files as required. But for a simple network, for example where you only require very basic information hosting, just enabling the web server daemon should work OK.
Configuring email is a lot harder. By configuring email the clients on the network can mail each other – which is often the easiest way for users to share information and files. Depending on which mail transport agent (MTA) you use you will have to configure user accounts on the server as well as the MTA. Sendmail is the most complex to configure – mainly because it's such a complex programs. Others, like Exim or Postfix, are easier to configure, but not all Linux distributions install and configure them as standard as part of the installation process.
For uses to check their mail you have to configure a mail delivery agent (MDA). The simplest MDA is the Post Office Protocol (POP). This is provided as part of the 'IMAP' package with most distribution. All you do is install POP and activate the daemon. Then users can check their mail. The Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is also simple to configure. But unlike POP, IMAP allows access to messages stored on the server – so you only download a particular message when you need to read it. However, the trade-off with IMAP is that all the accumulating email can clog up a small hard drive if you use an older machine as a network server.

Networking benefits
This report is just a quick run through of what a network is, and the steps that you need to go through to set one up. But it's also important to understand the benefits of setting up a network.
First an foremost, networking improves the abilities of a computer to store and exchange information. For example, why back-up data to CD? It is easier and faster to back-up files to another machine over a network. If you have more than one machine in use, a network also enables those machines to share resources – like the same Internet connection, or an expensive, high quality laser printer.
The other benefit of a network is that you can run Internet services over your local network. This is useful for training people to use these services without the need to connect to the Internet. It's also useful if you want to develop web sites, along with complex server-side functions, because you can run the system over the network and perfect its operation before uploading it to a live web server.
More than anything, setting up a network, and enabling different services on the network, is an excellent way that a person can improve their knowledge of how computer systems work. This is because networking requires the interaction with hardware, as well as software, in order to get things working. You don't have to learn programming to do this (although it might be useful). But the requirement to interact with the system at the command line, as well as using graphical tools, improve the skills to interact with the computer. Whilst at the same time the need to understand how various service work improves a person's use of networking services generally.
So, there are many benefits of setting up a network. At the general, it allows you to back-up your laptop in case it gets stolen. At the more complex level, the process of setting up a network will improve the skills of those using it.

How Do I Share An Internet Connection?

2008-04-15T07:17:00.000-07:00

How Do I Share An Internet Connection?So you finally got a high speed Internet connection and you can let that old modem gather dust. But you've got more than one computer, so how do you hook things up so that all of them can share the same connection?
There are two basic ways to share an Internet connection:
• Use the Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) feature that is part of Windows XP. • Use a router (gateway) between your computers and the cable or DSL modem.
Expert Zone columnist Sharon Crawford does an excellent job of describing how to use Internet Connection Sharing in her earlier column, Internet Connection Sharing. I'll describe how to add a router to your network.
Routers, often called gateways, are a way to both isolate and connect one segment of your network from another. In the home environment, they provide a way to separate your home network from the Internet, while at the same time providing a connection point. To your cable company or DSL provider, they make your internal network appear to be a single device, so you don't need to pay extra for additional computers connected to them. Figure 1 shows what your network might look like with a router installed and a couple of computers networked.

Computer Network

2008-04-15T07:08:00.000-07:00

A computer network is an interconnected group of computers. Networks may be
classified by the network layer at which they operate according to basic reference
models considered as standards in the industry, such as the four-layer Internet
Protocol Suite model. While the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
reference model is better known in academia, the majority of networks use the
Internet Protocol Suite (IP).
By scale
Computer networks may be classified according to the scale: Personal area
network (PAN), Local Area Network (LAN), Campus Area Network (CAN),
Metropolitan area network (MAN), or Wide area network (WAN).As Ethernet increasingly is the standard interface for networks, these distinctions
are more important to the network administrator than the user. Network
administrators may have to tune the network, to correct delay issues and achieve
the desired Quality of Service (QoS).
By connection method
Computer networks can also be classified according to the hardware technology
that is used to connect the individual devices in the network such as Optical fiber,
Ethernet, Wireless LAN, HomePNA, or Power line communication.Ethernets use physical wiring to connect devices. Often, they employ the use of
hubs, switches, bridges, and routers.Wireless LAN technology is built to connect devices without wiring. These devices
use a radio frequency to connect.
By functional relationship (Network Architectures)
Computer networks may be classified according to the functional relationships
which exist between the elements of the network, e.g., Active Networking,
Client-server and Peer-to-peer (workgroup) architectures.
By network topology
Computer networks may be classified according to the network topology upon
which the network is based, such as Bus network, Star network, Ring network,
Mesh network, Star-bus network, Tree or Hierarchical topology network, etc.Network Topology signifies the way in which intelligent devices in the network see
their logical relations to one another. The use of the term "logical" here is
significant. That is, network topology is independent of the "physical" layout of the
network. Even if networked computers are physically placed in a linear
arrangement, if they are connected via a hub, the network has a Star topology,
rather than a Bus Topology. In this regard the visual and operational
characteristics of a network are distinct; the logical network topology is not
necessarily the same as the physical layout.
By protocol
Computer networks may be classified according to the communications protocol
that is being used on the network. See the articles on List of network protocol
stacks and List of network protocols for more information. For a development of
the foundations of protocol design see Srikant 2004 [1] and Meyn 2007 [2]
Types of networks:
Below is a list of the most common types of computer networks in order of scale.
Personal Area Network (PAN)
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication
among computer devices close to one person. Some examples of devices that
may be used in a PAN are printers, fax machines, telephones, PDAs or scanners.
The reach of a PAN is typically within about 20-30 feet (approximately 6-9
Meters).Personal area networks may be wired with computer buses such as USB[3] and
FireWire. A wireless personal area network (WPAN) can also be made possible
with network technologies such as IrDA and Bluetooth.
Local Area Network (LAN)
A network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or building.
Current LANs are most likely to be based on Ethernet technology. For example, a
library will have a wired or wireless LAN for users to interconnect local devices
(e.g., printers and servers) and to connect to the internet. All of the PCs in the
library are connected by category 5 (Cat5) cable, running the IEEE 802.3 protocol
through a system of interconnection devices and eventually connect to the internet.
The cables to the servers are on Cat 5e enhanced cable, which will support IEEE
802.3 at 1 Gbit/s.The staff computers (bright green) can get to the color printer, checkout records,
and the academic network and the Internet. All user computers can get to the
Internet and the card catalog. Each workgroup can get to its local printer. Note that
the printers are not accessible from outside their workgroup.
Typical library network, in a branching tree topology and controlled access to
resourcesAll interconnected devices must understand the network layer (layer 3), because
they are handling multiple subnets (the different colors). Those inside the library,
which have only 10/100 Mbps Ethernet connections to the user device and a
Gigabit Ethernet connection to the central router, could be called "layer 3
switches" because they only have Ethernet interfaces and must understand IP. It
would be more correct to call them access routers, where the router at the top is a
distribution router that connects to the Internet and academic networks' customer
access routers.The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to WANs (wide area networks),
include their higher data transfer rates, smaller geographic range, and lack of a
need for leased telecommunication lines. Current Ethernet or other IEEE 802.3
LAN technologies operate at speeds up to 10 Gbit/s. This is the data transfer
rate. IEEE has projects investigating the standardization of 100 Gbit/s, and
possibly 40 Gbit/s.
Campus Area Network (CAN)
A network that connects two or more LANs but that is limited to a specific and
contiguous geographical area such as a college campus, industrial complex, or a
military base. A CAN, may be considered a type of MAN (metropolitan area
network), but is generally limited to an area that is smaller than a typical MAN.
This term is most often used to discuss the implementation of networks for a
contiguous area.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A Metropolitan Area Network is a network that connects two or more Local Area
Networks or Campus Area Networks together but does not extend beyond the
boundaries of the immediate town, city, or metropolitan area. Multiple routers,
switches & hubs are connected to create a MAN.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
A WAN is a data communications network that covers a relatively broad
geographic area (i.e. one city to another and one country to another country) and
that often uses transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as
telephone companies. WAN technologies generally function at the lower three
layers of the OSI reference model: the physical layer, the data link layer, and the
network layer.
Global Area Network (GAN)
Global area networks (GAN) specifications are in development by several groups,
and there is no common definition. In general, however, a GAN is a model for
supporting mobile communications across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs,
satellite coverage areas, etc. The key challenge in mobile communications is
"handing off" the user communications from one local coverage area to the next.
In IEEE Project 802, this involves a succession of terrestrial Wireless local area
networks (WLAN)
Internetwork
Two or more networks or network segments connected using devices that
operate at layer 3 (the 'network' layer) of the OSI Basic Reference Model, such as
a router. Any interconnection among or between public, private, commercial,
industrial, or governmental networks may also be defined as an internetwork.In modern practice, the interconnected networks use the Internet Protocol. There
are at least three variants of internetwork, depending on who administers and who
participates in them:• Intranet • Extranet • Internet Intranets and extranets may or may not have connections to the Internet. If
connected to the Internet, the intranet or extranet is normally protected from being
accessed from the Internet without proper authorization. The Internet is not
considered to be a part of the intranet or extranet, although it may serve as a
portal for access to portions of an extranet.
Intranet
An intranet is a set of interconnected networks, using the Internet Protocol and
uses IP-based tools such as web browsers, that is under the control of a single
administrative entity. That administrative entity closes the intranet to the rest of the
world, and allows only specific users. Most commonly, an intranet is the internal
network of a company or other enterprise.
Extranet
An extranet is a network or internetwork that is limited in scope to a single
organization or entity but which also has limited connections to the networks of
one or more other usually, but not necessarily, trusted organizations or entities
(e.g. a company's customers may be given access to some part of its intranet
creating in this way an extranet, while at the same time the customers may not be
considered 'trusted' from a security standpoint). Technically, an extranet may also
be categorized as a CAN, MAN, WAN, or other type of network, although, by
definition, an extranet cannot consist of a single LAN; it must have at least one
connection with an external network.
Internet
A specific internetwork , consisting of a worldwide interconnection of
governmental, academic, public, and private networks based upon the Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) developed by ARPA of the U.S.
Department of Defense – also home to the World Wide Web (WWW) and
referred to as the 'Internet' with a capital 'I' to distinguish it from other generic
internetworks.Participants in the Internet, or their service providers, use IP Addresses obtained
from address registries that control assignments. Service providers and large
enterprises also exchange information on the reachability of their address ranges
through the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).
Basic Hardware Components
All networks are made up of basic hardware building blocks to interconnect
network nodes, such as Network Interface Cards (NICs), Bridges, Hubs,
Switches, and Routers. In addition, some method of connecting these building
blocks is required, usually in the form of galvanic cable (most commonly Category
5 cable). Less common are microwave links (as in IEEE 802.11) or optical cable
("optical fiber").
Network Interface Cards
A network card, network adapter or NIC (network interface card) is a piece of
computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a
computer network. It provides physical access to a networking medium and often
provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC addresses. It
allows users to connect to each other either by using cables or wirelessly.
Repeaters
A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a
higher level or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the
signal can cover longer distances without degradation.
Hubs
A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to all
the ports of the hub. When the packets are copied, the destination address in the
frame does not change to a broadcast address. It does this in a rudimentary way,
it simply copies the data to all of the Nodes connected to the hub.
Bridges
A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (layer
2) of the OSI model. Bridges do not promiscuously copy traffic to all ports, as hubs
do, but learns which MAC addresses are reachable through specific ports. Once
the bridge associates a port and an address, it will send traffic for that address
only to that port. Bridges do send broadcasts to all ports except the one on which
the broadcast was received.Bridges learn the association of ports and addresses by examining the source
address of frames that it sees on various ports. Once a frame arrives through a
port, its source address is stored and the bridge assumes that MAC address is
associated with that port. The first time that a previously unknown destination
address is seen, the bridge will forward the frame to all ports other than the one on
which the frame arrived.Bridges come in three basic types:1. Local bridges: Directly connect local area networks (LANs) 2. Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area network (WAN)
link between LANs. Remote bridges, where the connecting link is slower than the
end networks, largely have been replaced by routers. 3. Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect remote stations
to LANs. Switches
Main article: Network switch
A switch is a device that performs switching. Specifically, it forwards and filters
OSI layer 2 datagrams (chunk of data communication) between ports (connected
cables) based on the Mac-Addresses in the packets.[6] This is distinct from a hub
in that it only forwards the datagrams to the ports involved in the communications
rather than all ports connected. Strictly speaking, a switch is not capable of routing
traffic based on IP address (layer 3) which is necessary for communicating
between network segments or within a large or complex LAN. Some switches are
capable of routing based on IP addresses but are still called switches as a
marketing term. A switch normally has numerous ports with the intention that most
or all of the network be connected directly to a switch, or another switch that is in
turn connected to a switch.
"Switches" is a marketing term that encompasses routers and bridges, as well as
devices that may distribute traffic on load or by application content (e.g., a Web
URL identifier). Switches may operate at one or more OSI layers, including
physical, data link, network, or transport (i.e., end-to-end). A device that operates
simultaneously at more than one of these layers is called a multilayer switch.Overemphasizing the ill-defined term "switch" often leads to confusion when first
trying to understand networking. Many experienced network designers and
operators recommend starting with the logic of devices dealing with only one
protocol level, not all of which are covered by OSI. Multilayer device selection is an
advanced topic that may lead to selecting particular implementations, but
multilayer switching is simply not a real-world design concept.
Routers
Routers are networking devices that forward data packets between networks
using headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path to forward the
packets. Routers work at the network layer of the TCP/IP model or layer 3 of the
OSI model. Routers also provide interconnectivity between like and unlike media
(RFC 1812). This is accomplished by examining the Header of a data packet,
and making a decision on the next hop to which it should be sent (RFC 1812)
They use preconfigured static routes, status of their hardware interfaces, and
routing protocols to select the best route between any two subnets. A router is
connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and
its ISP's network. Some DSL and cable modems, for home use, have been
integrated with routers to allow multiple home computers to access the Internet.

How To Assemble And Build A PC

2008-04-10T08:02:00.001-07:00

How To Assemble And Build A PC
CPU Thermal compound is not a necessity but it is recommended to keep your CPU cool under load conditions by helping heat dissipate faster. It is a must if you intend to overclock your PC.
Step 1: Installing the motherboardMake sure you have all the components in place and a nice, clean and big enough place to work with.

Put your antic-static wrist strap on to prevent your components from getting affected. Make sure your hands are clean before starting. First we will be installing the motherboard which is a piece of cake to install.
Open the side doors of the cabinet Lay the cabinet on its side Put the motherboard in place Drive in all the required screws Tip: Most motherboards come with an antistatic bag. It is advisable to put the motherboard on it for some time and then remove it from the antistatic bag before placing it in the cabinet.

Step 2: Installing the CPU CPU is the heart of a computer so make sure you handle it properly and do not drop it or mishandle it. Also try not to touch the pins frequently so that they do not get dirty. Get hold of your motherboard and CPU manual. You need to place the CPU on the dotted white patch of the motherboard in a particular fashion for it to fit properly. There is a golden mark on the CPU to help you assist. Consult both your motherboard and CPU manual to see which position it fits exactly or you could also use try all the 4 positions.

Lift the CPU lever on the motherboard Place the CPU properly on the motherboard Pull down the lever to secure the CPU in place Warning: Do not try to push the CPU into the motherboard!
Got the thermal compound? Now is the time to use it. Take small amount of it and carefully apply it on the top surface of the processor. Be careful not to put it on the neighboring parts of the motherboard. If you do so clean it immediately using the cloth.
Tip: Thermal compounds should be changed once every six months for optimal performance.

Step 3: Installing the heat sinkAfter installing the processor we proceed to installing the heat sink. There are different kinds of heat sinks that are bundled with the processor and each has a different way of installation. Look into your CPU manual for instructions on how to install it properly.
Place the heat sink on the processor Put the jacks in place Secure the heat sink with the lever After this you will need to connect the cable of the heat sink on the motherboard. Again look into the motherboard manual on where to connect it and then connect it to the right port to get your heat sink in operational mode.

Step 4: Installing the RAMInstalling the RAM is also an easy job. The newer RAMs ie. DDR RAMs are easy to install as you don’t have to worry about placing which side where into the slot. The older ones, SDRAMs are plagued by this problem.

If you want to use dual channel configuration then consult your manual on which slots to use to achieve that result.
Push down the RAM into the slot Make sure the both the clips hold the RAM properly

Step 5: Installing the power supplyWe will now install the power supply as the components we install after this will require power cables to be connected to them. There is not much to be done to install a PSU.

Place the PSU into the cabinet Put the screws in place tightly Tip: Some PSU have extra accessories that come bundled with it. Consult your PSU manual to see how to install them.

Step 6: Installing the video cardFirst you will need to find out whether your video card is AGP or PCI-E. AGP graphics cards have become redundant and are being phased out of the market quickly. So if you bought a spanking new card it will certainly be a PCI-E.

step 7: Installing the hard diskHard disk is another fragile component of the computer and needs to handled carefully.

Place the hard drive into the bay Secure the drive with screws Connect the power cable from PSU Connect the data cable from motherboard into the drive If your hard drive is a SATA one then connect one end of SATA cable into the motherboard and other into the SATA port on the hard disk. If your hard disk is PATA type then use the IDE cable instead of the SATA cable.
Tip: If your PSU does not support SATA power supply then you will need to get an converter which will convert your standard IDE power connector to a SATA power connector.

Step 8: Installing optical driveThe installation an optical drive is exactly similar to an hard drive.
Place the optical drive into the bay Drive in the screws Connect the power cable and data cable Tip: When installing multiple optical drives take care of jumper settings. Make sure you make one as primary and other slave by using the jumper. This is not applicable if the drives are SATA drives.

Step 9: Connecting various cablesFirst we will finish setting up internal components and then get on to the external ones. You will need to consult your motherboard manual for finding the appropriate port for connecting various cables at the right places on the motherboard.
Connect the large ATX power connector to the power supply port on your motherboard Next get hold of the smaller square power connector which supplies power to the processor and connect it to the appropriate port by taking help from your motherboard manual Connect the cabinet cables for power,reset button in the appropriate port of the motherboard Connect the front USB/audio panel cable in the motherboard Plug the cable of cabinet fans You are done with installing the internal components of the PC. Close the side doors of the cabinet and get it upright and place it on your computer table. Get the rest of the PC components like monitor, keyboard, mouse, speakers etc. which we will connect now.

Connect the VGA cable of the monitor into the VGA port If mouse/keyboard are PS/2 then connect them to PS/2 ports or else use the USB port Connect the speaker cable in the audio port Plug in the power cable from PSU into the UPS Also plug in the power cable of the monitor You are now done with setting up your PC. Power on and see your rig boot to glory.

Step 10: Installing the OS and driversWe are done with the hardware part. Now get your favorite OS disks ready and the CD that came with your motherboard.
Set the first boot device to CD/DVD drive in BIOS Pop in the OS disk Reboot the PC Install the OS Install drivers from motherboard CD (applicable only to Windows OS) Voila! You have your PC up and running. Enjoy your journey with your self assembled rig!
Jargon BusterCPU - Central Processing Unit RAM - Random Memory Access DDR -Double Data Rate SDRAM - Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory PSU -Power Supply Unit AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port PCI-E - Peripheral Component Interconnect- Express SATA - Serial Advanced Technology Attachment PATA -Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics ATX - Advanced Technology Extended USB - Universal System Bus VGA - Video Graphics Array PS/2 - Personal System/2 OS - Operating System

How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Silencing

2008-04-10T07:58:00.001-07:00

How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Silencing

How To Assemble A Desktop PC
In contrast to overclocking, you may prefer to silence your computer. Some high-performance PCs are very loud indeed, and it is possible to reduce the noise dramatically. The main sources of noise are: Fans (CPU, case, power supply, motherboard, Graphics card), and Hard disks. While total silence in a PC is possible, it is far cheaper and easier to aim for something 'virtually inaudible'.

Note that quieter computers sometimes run slightly hotter—especially in small form factor (SFF) systems, so you need to monitor carefully what you do. Usually you can't overclock and silence at the same time (although it is possible with the right CPU and cooling techniques). Sometimes CPUs are underclocked and fans are undervolted to achieve greater silence at the expense of performance.

Designing a powerful and quiet machine requires careful consideration in selecting components, but need not be much more expensive than a normal, loud PC. If you are looking to quiet an existing PC, find the offending component that produces the loudest or most irritating noise to replace first, and work down from there.

Fans

In general, large diameter (120 mm), high quality fans are much quieter than small diameter ones, because they can move the same amount of air as 80mm or 92mm fans, but at slower speeds. Temperature-regulated fans are also much quieter, as they will automatically spin at a reduced speed when you computer is not in heavy use. Wire mesh grills (or no grill at all) allow better airflow than the drilled holes used in many cases.

CPU

Modern CPUs can generate a lot of heat in a very small area—sometimes as much as 100-watt lightbulb! For the vast majority of processors, a dedicated fan will be a necessity. There are some, like VIA processors, that require only a heat sink, but you will not find passively cooled CPUs at nearly the same speeds allowed by active cooling. However, for modern computers, CPUs are not the limiting component for speed in daily tasks, so unless you do demanding 3D gaming or video editing, then a passively cooled processor may be just for you. They would also be very attractive in media-center PCs, or other specialized applications where computer noise would be more noticable.
The noisiest fan is usually the CPU fan: the Intel-supplied fan-heatsinks are particularly loud, although they do provide good cooling. Some BIOSs allow you to slow the CPU fan down automatically when it is not too hot - if this option is available, turn it on. Also, you can get 3rd party coolers, which are designed to be less noisy: for example, those made by Zalman.

Power Supply (PSU)

Noisy power-supplies simply have to be replaced with quieter ones. The case fans can be slowed down by using fan-speed controllers, or resistors (but beware of insufficient cooling). Motherboard and lower-end graphics-card fans can usually be replaced with a small, passive heatsink

Video Card

A graphics card with an active fan-cooling is very common in gamer PCs. Since 2004 most of these cards can adjust their performance so the fan can slow down if no 3D accelleration is needed. As you will loose warranty if you change the fan you should check (through reviews) if the card is a noisy one. If you insist on exchanging the cooling device be sure the card is compatible with the new one.
After a few weeks, dust and debris can accumulate on fan blades. Dust on PC components can act as an insulator, trapping in heat and forcing your fans to spin at higher speeds to keep everything cool. Keep your PC clean to reduce noise and increase efficiency.

Water cooling

An efficient, if expensive way to eliminate the need for most fans in ones computer system is the implementation of water cooling devices. Water cooling kits are available for beginners, and additional components or "water blocks" can be added to the system, allowing virtually any system needing cooling to be put "on water".

Most water cooling systems are not fanless as the radiator component still needs to spread the heat. There are fanless solutions but they need to be placed exterior of the pc case making the computer less transportable.

Other cooling fluids are possible in a sealed system, although plain water is generally preferred because it has higher heat capacity and thermal conductivity than oil, and it is easier to clean up if a leak ever occurs: turn off the computer, shake off most of the water, and use a hair dryer to evaporate the rest of the water.

Oil cooling

Transformer oil has been used to cool electrical equipment for decades.

Some people are experimenting with oil cooling personal computers. Since oil is non-conductive, the motherboard and graphics card and power supply (but not the hard drives or optical drives!) will continue to run submerged in a "fishtank" filled with oil. Some people prefer colorless transparent "mineral oil" or cooking oil, but Frank Völkel recommends motor oil[1].

Oil cooling is lower cost than water cooling, because it doesn't require water-tight "blocks" or hoses. Some people leave the fans running on the motherboard and power supply to "stir" the oil. Other people remove all the fans and add a (submerged) pump to "blow" a stream of oil onto the CPU hot spot. Some CPUs, if given a big enough metal heat sink, can be adequately cooled by passive convection currents in the oil (and the large surface area of the oil-to-case and case-to-air), without any fans or pumps.

If any cable (the hard drive ribbon cable, the power cable, the monitor cable, etc.) exits the case below the oil line, it must have an oil-tight exit seal -- consider making all cables exit the top of the case instead.

Immersion in other cooling fluids has been attempted, such as fluorinert or liquid nitrogen

Hard disk

A 'resting' hard disk is generally quite quiet compared with any fan, but increases dramatically when it starts 'churning', as when you open or save a file or perform a virus scan. As most hard drive manufacturers place capacity and performance ahead of noise, it is recommended that you look for a hard drive with good acoustics to start with. SilentPCreview.com does comprehensive testing, so picking any of their recommended drives will serve you well. There will usually be a compromise between performance and sound, so opting for a slower RPM or smaller capacity single-platter HDD may be necessary to reach very quiet levels. Also, 2.5" notebook drives can be much quieter than any 3.5" desktop drive, but are more expensive and come in smaller capacities.

After selecting a quiet drive, or if you want to reduce the noise coming from a loud drive, look into mounting options. Hard drives are usually mounted with four screws attaching them directly to the case, providing very stable support, some heat dissipation and a lot of direct transmission of HDD vibrations to the case. Reducing this transmission to almost nothing is possible, though it is not always easy.

But do ensure sufficient cooling of the hard drive: running a hard drive moderately hot can reduce its lifespan to under a year! Some mounts are designed to provide both extra cooling and silencing, such as the heat-pipe coolers. Spinning the HDD down when not in use will also reduce noise, but it can reduce the life of the drive by increasing the number of landings and take-offs performed by the read/write heads.

The best noise reductions come from suspending the hard drive with elastic, providing no direct route for sound transmission to the case. You can make your own from elastic in a fabric store, or buy kits that provide materials and instructions. (Rubber bands are not recommended, as they will become weak from the HDD heat and snap.)

Foam can be used to dampen vibrations, but may trap more heat than is safe. Resting the hard drive on the floor of your case on a bed of foam can be very effective at reducing noise.

Using silicone or rubber screws instead of metal mounting screws will give you marginal sound reduction, but is easiest and cheapest to implement. You also won't have to worry about shifting of the HDD if you move your computer.

A software tool created by Maxtor exists which can adjust a hard disk's noise/performance ratio to what your system requires. The technique is called acoustic management. However, only certain drives currently support this feature. You can read more from the "Definitive Maxtor Silent Store Guide" and get the tool from Maxtor.

Completely silent computers will need to use solid state memory like flash drives or eeprom, which have no moving parts and make no noise. This is more expensive and has less capacity than a normal hard drive, so it can't be considered a mainstream storage solution, yet could suffice for a web-browsing PC. At the moment, hard drives are the only practical storage solution except in very specialised circumstances, though this will likely soon change with the rapidly dropping price of flash memory.

Other

Steel cases are quiter than aluminum ones, because the denser material vibrates less easily.
Quiet cases are available, containing noise-damping acoustic foam. There are 3rd-party acoustic foams that you may decide to add as well.
Experiment with rubber or foam washers when mounting drives and fans. These will dampen any vibration these devices cause.
Keep cables tied up and neat. Not only will this keep them clear of fans (which could quickly cause dangerous heat build-up), but the reduced impedence of airflow throughout your case will make things cooler. Flat, ribbon-shaped cables can safely be folded up to a fraction of their original width.
Make sure your case has rubber or foam feet if it rests on a hard surface. Placing it on carpeting will also reduce vibrations.
Underclocking will reduce system performance, but you can also then reduce the CPU voltage, and power consumption as a whole. Noisy fans may then also be operated at reduced speed or eliminated altogether, as the computer will produce less heat. The converse of the diminishing-returns law for overclocking is that underclocking can prove surprisingly effective.
The really obvious, but surprisingly effective: keep the computer under your desk or even in a closed cupboard, rather than under or beside your monitor.
NOTE: No matter what technique you use to quiet the machine, be sure to keep a steady supply of fresh air over all components. Don't put your machine in a closed cupboard unless you are sure heat will not be an issue. If you use acoustic foams, be sure they aren't acting as insulators, too - and keeping components hot.

How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Overclocking

2008-04-10T07:56:00.000-07:00

How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Overclocking

How To Assemble A Desktop PC
Overclocking is the practice of making a component run at a higher clock speed than the manufacturer's specification. The idea is to increase performance for free or to exceed current performance limits, but this may come at the cost of stability.

Overclocking is like souping up a car, if you just want to get where you're going, there's no need for it. But it is fun and educational and can get you a machine that provides performance all out of proportion to its cost.

Think of the 3GHz on your new 3GHz Pentium 4 as a speed limit asking to be broken. Some other components in your computer can also be overclocked, including RAM and your video card in many cases. Over clocking is possible because of the way electronic parts, especially VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) chips are made and sold. All processors in a given line, the Pentium 4 for example, are made the same way, on a large die that is cut up into individual processors, those processors are then tested and graded as to speed, the best chips will be marked as 3.0 GHz the second best 2.8 etc. As time goes by and production processes and masks improve, even the lower rated chips may be capable of faster speeds, especially if vigorous cooling is implemented. Also many manufacturers will mark chips that test faster at slower speeds if there is higher demand for the lower end component.

It’s important to note that not every chip will be overclockable; it’s really the luck of the draw. Some companies that sell ‘factory overclocked’ systems engage in a practice called “binning” where they buy a number of processors, test them for overclocking potential and throw the ones that don’t overclock in a bin to be resold at their rated speed. Even with processors that have a reputation for overclocking well, some parts simply will not exceed their rating.

That said, effective cooling can give a boost to a chips overclockability. With luck you will be able to get extra performance out of your components for free. With luck and skill you can get performance that is not possible even when using the top of the line components. Sometimes you can buy cheaper parts, and then OC them to the clock speed of the higher end component, though the cost of extra cooling can compromise any money you may be saving on the part, not to mention warranty and part life issues.

WARNING: OVERCLOCKING MAY VOID THE WARRANTY ON THE PARTS BEING OVERCLOCKED. DOING SO MAY ALSO CAUSE SYSTEM INSTABILITY, AND MAY ALSO CAUSE DAMAGE TO COMPONENTS AND DATA. REMEMBER THE 3 "C'S" WHEN OVERCLOCKING: CAREFUL, CONSERVATIVE, and CAUTIOUS.

2008-04-10T06:19:00.001-07:00

Created by Crazyprofile.com

2008-04-10T06:14:00.000-07:00

Created by Crazyprofile.com

2008-04-10T02:38:00.000-07:00

Created by Crazyprofile.com

Steps to enable JavaScript in Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.x or 6.x

2008-04-08T22:38:00.000-07:00

Please enable JavaScript in your IE 5.x + browser, to submit your application form properly.

To enable JavaScript in Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.x or 6.x, perform the following steps:

1,From the Tools menu, click Internet Options

2,From the Security tab, click Custom Level.

3,Scroll to Java permissions, click to select High safety.

4,Click OK.

5,Click OK.

6.From the File menu, click Close.

7,Relaunch your browser.

Your browser stores many of its settings. The best way to ensure changes to core function settings to take effect is to close all browser windows completely, then relaunch it.

Test your Internet connection speed

2008-04-08T06:45:00.001-07:00

2008-04-06T06:25:00.000-07:00

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2008-04-05T06:52:00.000-07:00

Geojit is a member of the Cochin Stock Exchange.

2008-04-04T07:54:00.000-07:00

Mr. C.J. George and Mr. Ranajit Kanjilal founded Geojit as a partnership firm in the year 1987. In 1993, Mr. Ranajit Kanjilal retired from the firm and Geojit became a proprietary concern of Mr. C .J. George. In 1994, it became a Public Limited Company by the name Geojit Securities Ltd. The Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation Ltd. (KSIDC), in 1995, became a co-promoter of Geojit by acquiring 24% stake in the company, the only instance in India of a government entity participating in the equity of a stock broking company. Geojit listed at The Stock Exchange, Mumbai (BSE) in the year 2000. In 2003, the Company was renamed as Geojit Financial Services Ltd. (GFSL). The board of the company consists of professional directors; including a Kerala government nominee with 2/3rd of the board members being Independent Directors. With effect from July 2005, the company is also listed at The National Stock Exchange (NSE). Geojit is a charter member of the Financial Planning Standards Board of India and is one of the largest DP brokers in the country.

Overseas Joint Ventures
Barjeel Geojit Securities, LLC, Dubai, is a joint venture of Geojit with Al Saud Group belonging to Sultan bin Saud Al Qassemi having diversified interests in the area of equity markets, real estates and trading. Barjeel Geojit is a financial intermediary and the first licensed brokerage company in UAE. It has facilities for off-line and on-line trading in Indian capital market and also in US, European and Far-Eastern capital markets. It also provides Depository services and deals in Indian and International Funds. An associate company, Global Financial Investments S.A.O.G provides similar services in Oman.
Aloula Geojit Brokerage Company, is Geojit’s recently promoted joint venture in Saudi Arabia with the Al Johar Group. Saudi is home to the world’s single largest NRI population. The new venture is expected to start operations in the latter half of 2008. The Saudi national and the NRI would be able to invest in the Saudi capital market. The NRI would also be able to invest in the Indian stock market and in Indian mutual funds. This joint venture makes Geojit the first Indian stock broking company to commence domestic retail brokerage operations in any foreign country.
Overseas Business Association
Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait (BBK), one of the largest retail banks in Bahrain & Kuwait through its NRI-Business, and Geojit entered into an exclusive agreement in September 2007. This association will provide the bank’s sophisticated client base , the opportunity to diversify their holdings through investments in the Indian stock market. Services offered are- Investment Advisory, Portfolio Management, Mutual Funds, Trading in Indian Equity Market, DEMAT and Bank account, Offline Share Transactions and PAN Card.
Bahrain Location

Our Branch Near Chengannur

Geojit, 1st Floor, Kochuputhenpurakal Complex , Engineering College Junction , Court Road , Chengannur - 689 121

Tele No:
0479 -2457545 / 3295001, 94479 71343
E-Mail :
chengannur@geojit.com

2008-04-03T07:23:00.000-07:00

2008-04-03T07:16:00.000-07:00

kerala university

2008-04-03T00:09:00.000-07:00

The University of Travancore, which became the University of Kerala was established in 1937, much before the birth of Kerala State.

University of Kerala,Thiruvananthapuram,
Kerala, India, Pin- 695034 Ph: +91-471-2306422
Fax:+91-471-2307158
e-mail:keralauniversity@vsnl.com
Official Website of keralauniversity :http://keralauniversity.edu

How to Save Tax???

2008-04-02T22:29:00.001-07:00

How to Save Tax???

Prudent tax planning is inevitable to enhance our disposable
income as taxes are eating p a substantial part of our income.Payment of tax is an
unpleasant thing but it can not e avoided because tax evasion is a punishable
offence.However,tax planning is legal and you can considerably reduce your tax liabilities by appropriate investment avenues.
Normally,income above the general exemption limit of Rs.110000 for men and Rs.145000 for women(it has been revised as Rs.1.50lakhs
and Rs.1.85 lakhs respectively in the union budget 08 -09) is subjected to income
tax at progressive rates. however money invested in certainv avenues can be used
for avenuss tax benefits on the one side and reasonable returns on the other.
lnvestmetes in tax saving mutual fund schemes (equity linked
saving schenmes -EISS), money put in unit linked lnsuranes plans( ULIP), premium
paid a year towards life insurance policies,contributions to Employees Provident
Fund(EPF) or Public Provident Funt(PPF) etc are all investment avenues through which you can avail tax exemption.Investments in these heads are exempted from
income Tax Act.You can put in the whole Rs.1 lakh as per Section 80C of the income Tax Act.You can put in the whole Rs.1 lakh in any of these options or spread the money under different heads.
From the risk and return perspective,investment in provident funds and
life insurance policies are less risky but the return will also be low.Currently,it is hovering around 8-8.5%.On the other side,investment in ELSS or ULIP could be very rewarding though the risk would be a little bit high.Magnum Tax Gain,HDFC Tax Saver,Sundaram BNP Paribas Tax Saver,Birla Equity Plan etc.. are a few among the top rated mutual fund plans for tax saving and attractive income .These schemes are providing an average annual return of over 50% for the last five years.
To avil tax exemption under all the above,you have to lock in your investment for a period of three year.
In addition to above,you avail tax exemption for another Rs.15000 of your income a year by investing a year by investing in Mediclaim policies.This exemption is under Section 80 D of the Income Tax Act.
Investments in housing property is another major avenue for saving your money from the taxman.Interest payment up to Rs.1.50lakh a year towards housing loan from recognised agencies could be exempted from tax liability.Exemption could also be claimed for principal payment,subject to the Rs.1 lakh ceiling under Section 80 C as atated above.

IWay

2008-04-02T22:27:00.001-07:00

In a world of changing needs, accelerating pace, advancing technology and shrinking distances the Internet is becoming integral for communication, entertainment and information. Which is essentially why we launched Sify i way, an extensive network of Internet browsing centres (Cybercafes) initiated by Sify Ltd, the largest and most acclaimed Internet Service Provider (ISP) in India.

Step into an i way, the coolest, most hip and happening Cybercafe in town. At an i way, the world is at your fingertips and information is just a click away.

You could find us in most cosmopolitan cities in India. With over 700 i way centres operational in Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, Mumbai, Pune, Hyderabad, Lucknow, Chandigarh, Kolkatta and Kochi. Plans are on the agenda to introduce in more cities in the near future.

Think future … log on @ Sify i way !

For further details please visit our site :-http://www.iway.com/

2008-04-01T23:14:00.001-07:00